Model-Based Estimates of the Risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis B Virus Transmission through Unsafe Injections

1995 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 446-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRUCE AYLWARD ◽  
MARK KANE ◽  
ROBERT McNAIR-SCOTT ◽  
DALE H HU
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Model Based ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Unsafe Injections

scholarly journals Algorithms for the Testing of Tissue Donors for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitis B Virus, and Hepatitis C Virus

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Axel Pruß ◽  
Akila Chandrasekar ◽  
Jacinto Sánchez-Ibáñez ◽  
Sophie Lucas-Samuel ◽  
Ulrich Kalus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Tissue Donors ◽  
Occult Hbv Infection ◽  
Occult Hbv ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Although transmission of pathogenic viruses through human tissue grafts is rare, it is still one of the most serious dreaded risks of transplantation. Therefore, in addition to the detailed medical and social history, a comprehensive serologic and molecular screening of the tissue donors for relevant viral markers for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) is necessary. In the case of reactive results in particular, clear decisions regarding follow-up testing and the criteria for tissue release must be made. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Based on the clinical relevance of the specific virus markers, the sensitivity of the serological and molecular biological methods used and the application of inactivation methods, algorithms for tissue release are suggested. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Compliance with the preanalytical requirements and assessment of a possible hemodilution are mandatory requirements before testing the blood samples. While HIV testing follows defined algorithms, the procedures for HBV and HCV diagnostics are under discussion. Screening and decisions for HBV are often not as simple, e.g., due to cases of occult HBV infection, false-positive anti-HBc results, or early window period positive HBV NAT results. In the case of HCV diagnostics, modern therapies with direct-acting antivirals, which are often associated with successful treatment of the infection, should be included in the decision. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> In HBV and HCV testing, a high-sensitivity virus genome test should play a central role in diagnostics, especially in the case of equivocal serology, and it should be the basis for the decision to release the tissue. The proposed test algorithms and decisions are also based on current European recommendations and standards for safety and quality assurance in tissue and cell banking.

New Technique for the Sterile Introduction of Flexible Nasopharyngolaryngoscopes

1993 ◽  
Vol 102 (9) ◽  
pp. 687-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvey D. Silberman ◽  
Avraham Hampel ◽  
Alan H. Kominsky
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Thermoplastic Elastomer ◽  
New Technique ◽  
Virus Hepatitis ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Reducing Costs ◽  
A New Technique

Since the inception of flexible fiberoptic endoscopes, disinfection of these instruments has been a problem. Soaking in glutaraldehyde does not always achieve sterilization, and often damages the scopes. Ethylene oxide can sterilize endoscopes; however, it is economically impractical because of a required downtime of 24 hours. Thus, it is obvious, especially with respect to human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and Mycobacterium, that a new technique to attain sterility is necessary. This paper discusses a new method of sterile introduction of the flexible nasopharyngolaryngoscope. The technique employs disposable sterile sheaths that are prepackaged and made from a thermoplastic elastomer with a clear optical end. The sheaths can be applied in seconds and tightly adhere to the flexible insertion portion of the scope. Results to date indicate that the performance of the endoscope is unhindered by using the sheaths. Furthermore, there has been no break in the integrity of the sheaths or damage to instruments. It is our opinion that these devices will greatly improve the level of sterility while at the same time reducing costs and downtime.

scholarly journals Synthesis of 4′-Substituted Purine 2′-Deoxynucleosides and Their Activity against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Hepatitis B Virus

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. 3313-3317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoru Kohgo ◽  
Shuhei Imoto ◽  
Ryoh Tokuda ◽  
Yuki Takamatsu ◽  
Nobuyo Higashi-Kuwata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

scholarly journals Spectrum of Liver Disease in Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Patients Co-infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): Results of the HBV-HIV Cohort Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 114 (5) ◽  
pp. 746-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard K. Sterling ◽  
Abdus S. Wahed ◽  
Wendy C. King ◽  
David E. Kleiner ◽  
Mandana Khalili ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Risk Factors and Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Virus, Hepatitis C Virus, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Uzbekistan

Intervirology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 327-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruslan Ruzibakiev ◽  
Hideaki Kato ◽  
Ryuzo Ueda ◽  
Nodira Yuldasheva ◽  
Tatyana Hegay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Virus Hepatitis ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus
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