scholarly journals A Struggle for Genocide Recognition: How the Aramean, Assyrian, and Chaldean Diasporas Link Past and Present

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 412-428
Author(s):  
Sofia Mutlu-Numansen ◽  
Marinus Ossewaarde
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Diasporic Communities

Abstract This article analyzes how Aramean, Assyrian, and Chaldean communities in Western Europe organize their struggle for Sayfo (genocide) recognition and how narratives of the past are enacted in their campaign. The year 2015 provided a unique opportunity to study such diasporic communities’ strategic uses of the past. Hundreds of centenary commemorations were organized all over the world. The authors have selected three that illustrate how the Sayfo recognition campaign was organized, and how its practitioners strategically use the past in their efforts.

Western Europe and Scandinavia

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Brockliss
Keyword(s):  
Government Policy ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Visual Representations ◽  
Childhood Studies ◽  
History Of Childhood ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sharp Focus ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Insight Into

Childhood in western Europe is obviously a vast topic, and this entry will approach it historically and largely chronologically. The study of childhood is still relatively new, and historians have sometimes struggled to construct a history of childhood, with very few firsthand accounts and limited archives. So many children left very few traces of their lives, and historians have had to piece together their history, not from diaries or archives but from court reports, visual representations, and childcare manuals. They have had to struggle to recapture the world of childhood in eras prior to 1800, when sources are especially limited. They, like others interested in childhood studies, have had to address the issue of how to define a child and what childhood is. They have had to contemplate the different historical meanings of the word child prior to 1600 and to resist the temptation to believe that childhood has inevitably improved through the centuries. They have also had to become aware of the dangers of historicizing a phenomenon that has few stable parameters and, in some cultures, may not even exist at all. In several languages there is no word for child; even in English, the word has drastically shifted its meaning over the centuries. These shifts need to be historicized in order to see both the continuities and the discontinuities between the past and the present that suggest that childhood has always been a time of suffering; children have always been the victims of perilous disease, parental neglect, government policy, war, etc. Concurrently, children have also always been the hope of the future, the focus of special love and attention. A historical perspective on European childhoods brings this insight into sharp focus.

Industrialization, Hubs, and Catch-up

2020 ◽  
pp. 145-161
Author(s):  
Deepak Nayyar
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
The Past ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
The World ◽  
Catch Up

This chapter analyses the striking changes in the geographical distribution of manufacturing production amongst countries and across continents since 1750, a period that spans more than two-and-a-half centuries, which could be described as the movement of industrial hubs in the world economy over time. Until around 1820, world manufacturing production was concentrated in China and India. The Industrial Revolution, followed by the advent of colonialism, led to deindustrialization in Asia and, by 1880, Britain became the world industrial hub that extended to northwestern Europe. The United States surpassed Britain in 1900, and was the dominant industrial hub in the world until 2000. During 1950 to 2000, the relative, though not absolute, importance of Western Europe diminished, and Japan emerged as a significant industrial hub, while the other new industrial hub, the USSR and Eastern Europe, was short lived. The early twenty-first century, 2000–2017, witnessed a rapid decline of the United States, Western Europe, and Japan as industrial hubs, to be replaced largely by Asia, particularly China. This process of shifting hubs, associated with industrialization in some countries and deindustrialization in other countries in the past, might be associated with premature deindustrialization in yet other countries in the future.

scholarly journals Antigenic and Molecular Characterization of Wild Type 1 Poliovirus Causing Outbreaks of Poliomyelitis in Albania and Neighboring Countries in 1996

1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 1912-1918 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Fiore ◽  
D. Genovese ◽  
E. Diamanti ◽  
S. Catone ◽  
B. Ridolfi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Antigenic Structure ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Large Outbreak ◽  
Human Sera

Mass vaccination has led poliomyelitis to become a rare disease in a large part of the world, including Western Europe. However, in the past 20 years wild polioviruses imported from countries where polio is endemic have been responsible for outbreaks in otherwise polio-free European countries. We report on the characterization of poliovirus isolates from a large outbreak of poliomyelitis that occurred in Albania in 1996 and that also spread to the neighboring countries of Yugoslavia and Greece. The epidemics involved 145 subjects, mostly young adults, and caused persisting paralysis in 87 individuals and 16 deaths. The agent responsible for the outbreak was isolated from 74 patients and was identified as wild type 1 poliovirus by both immunological and molecular methods. Sequence analysis of the genome demonstrated the involvement of a single virus strain throughout the epidemics, and genotyping analysis showed 95% homology of the strain with a wild type 1 poliovirus strain isolated in Pakistan in 1995. Neutralization assays with both human sera and monoclonal antibodies were performed to analyze the antigenic structure of the epidemic strain, suggesting its peculiar antigenic characteristics. The presented data underline the current risks of outbreaks due to imported wild poliovirus and emphasize the need to improve vaccination efforts and also the need to implement surveillance in countries free of indigenous wild poliovirus.

The Franco—German Boundary of 1871

1950 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Hartshorne
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
State System ◽  
Western State ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Northeastern France ◽  
International Boundary ◽  
The One ◽  
Single Boundary

In the history of wars and diplomacy in the Western state system of the past several centuries, the most important single boundary is surely that of northeastern France. Since the unification of both Germany and Italy in the last century, the one territorial problem within western Europe that has most seriously endangered the peace of Europe and the world is that of Alsace-Lorraine. While the Germans regarded the annexation of 1871 as a restoration of areas once a part of Germany, they did not return to any previously established boundary, but rather created one that was newly drawn for the purpose. What factors influenced them to place the boundary—the international boundary from 1871 to 1919—precisely where they did place it?

Uranium Catalysts for the Synthesis of Highly Cis-Tactic Polydienes

1974 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 1175-1192 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bruzzone ◽  
A. Mazzei ◽  
G. Giuliani
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Energy Crisis ◽  
Gaseous Diffusion ◽  
Fuel Cycles ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Nuclear Fuel Cycles ◽  
Ziegler Natta Catalysts

Abstract Among the several transition metals used for the synthesis of polymers by Ziegler-Natta catalysts very little attention has been devoted to uranium, notwithstanding the undoubted interest that this metal offers from both the scientific and economical point of view. In fact, uranium gives the organo-metallic and the polymer chemist wide possibilities of synthesis, owing to its manifold coordination possibilities. From the economical point of view, uranium is already a cheap material, as a byproduct of nuclear fuel cycles, and one can easily foresee that, as happened in the past for coal and crude oil, uranium will have a future as a raw material in addition to its use as an energy source. The large potential supply of depleted uranium from the existing gaseous diffusion plants in the world and a forecast of this supply in western Europe from 1975 to 1985 is reported in Table I. This forecast is likely to be underestimated as it was made before the present worldwide energy crisis.

African psychology: from acquiescence to dissent

2020 ◽  
pp. 008124632095678
Author(s):  
Augustine Nwoye
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
African Literature ◽  
African Philosophy ◽  
African History ◽  
African Music ◽  
African Art ◽  
African Religion ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World

Over the past 5 or 6 years, it has consistently been argued that African psychology should be recognised as an emerging tradition and a counter-canonical and insurgent postcolonial discipline fitting to be classified in the same category as other postcolonial disciplines in African humanities such as African literature, African philosophy, African religion, African anthropology, African history, African archaeology, African music, and African art. This article is an attempt to expatiate on this thesis. It aims to demonstrate that continental African psychology is a legitimate, autonomous, and self-determinative postcolonial discipline endowed with its own definable epistemological, philosophical, and methodological traditions to psychological scholarship. The basic idea of the article is consistent with the view credited to Guba and Lincoln that social science scholarship ‘needs emancipation from hearing only the voices of Western Europe, emancipation from generations of silence, and emancipation from seeing the world in one color’ (p. 212), and in the context of this article, in one psychology.

The Vicissitudes of Political Identity: Historical Narrative in the Barbarian Successor States of Western Europe

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felice Lifshitz
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Political Identity ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
The Past ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The World ◽  
Secular Power

This chapter explains how national histories, ‘intended to explain at length the legitimacy of a present secular power’, certainly abounded in Western Europe during the eleventh and twelfth centuries. However, neither that eventual ubiquity, nor the mirage of genealogical continuity from the barbarian successor states in Western Europe to the modern nation states of Western Europe, should distort one's view of the immediate post-Roman centuries. There was a continuous tradition of universal histories (often in chronicle format) witnessing a perception of the past as springing from the beginning of the world, including all human time, painted on a worldwide canvas, and embracing one's own history. But the perception of the past as the story of a single, barbarian led, post-Roman state was a rarity.

Food and Agriculture Organization

1957 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 674-675
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Annual Report ◽  
Far East ◽  
The Past ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
The World

The 1957 annual report of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) stated that the main trends in the world food and agricultural situation in previous years had been continued during 1956/57. Agricultural production as a whole and food production had again increased by about three percent. In the less developed areas (the Far East, the Middle East, Africa, and Latin America) food production since 1952 had risen slightly above that in the world as a whole; these areas had shown an increase of twenty percent in net food output in comparison with averages for 1948–52, while the developed regions (North America, western Europe, and Oceania) had shown an increase of fifteen percent. In 1957/58, the report predicted, world agricultural production would continue to increase at approximately the same rate as in the past.

THE SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE INTERPRETATION OF THE SOCIO-POLITICAL DOCTRINE OF LIBERALISM IN THE WESTERN EUROPEAN, AMERICAN AND RUSSIAN TRADITIONS IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES: COMMON AND SPECIAL

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 54-62
Author(s):  
VADIM ZUBOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Synthetic Methods ◽  
European American ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Western European ◽  
The Right

The article strives to conceptualize the basic ideas of liberalism, free from political sensitivities, emotional judgments and naive simplifications based on different methods and techniques of political and historical science, as well as general scientific approaches - a comparative historical method, a normative approach, an institutional approach, and analytical and synthetic methods. Defects of the interpretation of liberalism in Russia - opposition of “liberals” and “patriots”, domestic perceptions of liberalism as freedom in family, sexual and gender life, reduction of liberalism to the specific historical direction of post-Soviet liberalism are revealed in the paper. Furthermore, the author draws attention to the misunderstanding of liberalism in the United States: one of them refers liberalism to the social democracy, the other equates liberalism with the totalitarian teachings. In the light of the incorrect perception of liberalism in the world, the author formulates the purpose of the work as overcoming the misjudgement of liberalism by overcoming the false appreciation of liberalism by forming a concentrated view of the fundamentals of liberal socio-political teachings based on the views of leading thinkers in Western Europe, the United States of America and Russia in the 18th and 19th centuries. Which contributed significantly to the development of the fundamentals of liberalism. Predicated on the analysis of the ideas of Western European, American, and Russian liberal thinkers of the past, the author identifies common and special features of the interpretation of liberalism in different parts of the world over two centuries. Finally, the author concludes that the main features of the original liberalism are the basic points of the classical liberalism of the past centuries are the following points: 1) intelligent people should have unconditional personal, political and economic rights independent of the state; 2) there must be a system in the state that promotes justice and limits the state itself; 3) all people have the right to form a state and influences it.

scholarly journals Manteniendo lazos vía Web: El Caso de las Comunidades Mexicanas de Emigrantes en los EUA

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor M Gonzalez ◽  
Luis A Castro-Quiroa
Keyword(s):  
Web Sites ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Physical Distance ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Leaving Home ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Diasporic Communities

Migration has gained considerable attention in the past few years all over the world. The migratory phenomenon has already affected many countries and is likely to deeply reshape forever their societies and regulations. Of particular interest is the migratory flow from Mexico to the USA, which is identified as one of the most important labor related worldwide. It has been found that migration can potentially have a major impact on individuals leaving home as they can experience nostalgic feelings. As a result of physical distance, family members look for closeness to prevail by maintaining in permanent communication. This paper offers an analysis of web sites from Mexican diasporic communities living in the US, aiming to reveal the level of presence of those communities on the Internet as well as to characterize the support they provide for living-away members of the communities.

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