scholarly journals THE MECHANISM OF HETEROKARYOTIC GROWTH IN VERTICILLIUM DAHLIAE

Genetics ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-422
Author(s):  
John E Puhalla ◽  
John E Mayfield
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Verticillium Dahliae ◽  
Nuclear Migration ◽  
Sharp Contrast ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Continue Growth ◽  
Hyphal Anastomosis

ABSTRACT Heterokaryons of Verticillium dahliae, forced between complementary auxotrophs, were stable at 21° and resembled the wild type morphologically. In such heterokaryons the hyphal cells were predominantly uninucleate, and no nuclear migration from cell to cell was observed. Heterokaryosis was apparently confined to binucleate, interhyphal, anastomosed cells that arose 1-2 mm behind the colony front. Such anastomosed cells thereby fed and maintained large homokaryotic areas including the colony edge. This stable mosaic colony is in sharp contrast to the heterokaryon of Neurospora.—Heterokaryons of V. dahliae cannot continue growth at 30° because the high temperature prevents hyphal anastomosis. Heterozygous diploids sector out from heterokaryons after 8-12 days at 30°. Interhyphal anastomosed cells are apparently the site of karyogamy.

scholarly journals RNA Sequencing Reveals Rice Genes Involved in Male Reproductive Development under Temperature Alteration

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 663
Author(s):  
Sudthana Khlaimongkhon ◽  
Sriprapai Chakhonkaen ◽  
Keasinee Tongmark ◽  
Numphet Sangarwut ◽  
Natjaree Panyawut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Rna Sequencing ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
World Population ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Rice Plants ◽  
Male Development ◽  
Temperature Conditions

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important food crops, providing food for nearly half of the world population. Rice grain yields are affected by temperature changes. Temperature stresses, both low and high, affect male reproductive development, resulting in yield reduction. Thermosensitive genic male sterility (TGMS) rice is sterile at high temperature and fertile at low temperature conditions, facilitating hybrid production, and is a good model to study effects of temperatures on male development. Semithin sections of the anthers of a TGMS rice line under low (fertile) and high (sterile) temperature conditions showed differences starting from the dyad stage, suggesting that genes involved in male development play a role during postmeiotic microspore development. Using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), transcriptional profiling of TGMS rice panicles at the dyad stage revealed 232 genes showing differential expression (DEGs) in a sterile, compared to a fertile, condition. Using qRT-PCR to study expression of 20 selected DEGs using panicles of TGMS and wild type rice plants grown under low and high temperature conditions, revealed that six out of the 20 selected genes may be unique to TGMS, while the other 14 genes showed common responses to temperatures in both TGMS and wild-type rice plants. The results presented here would be useful for further investigation into molecular mechanisms controlling TGMS and rice responses to temperature alteration.

Effect of Small, Acid-Soluble Proteins on Spore Resistance and Germination under a Combination of Pressure and Heat Treatment

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
pp. 2168-2171
Author(s):  
JONG-KYUNG LEE ◽  
SARA MOVAHEDI ◽  
STEPHEN E. HARDING ◽  
BERNARD M. MACKEY ◽  
WILLIAM M. WAITES
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Soluble Proteins ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Spore Resistance ◽  
Pressure Resistance ◽  
The One

To find the range of pressure required for effective high-pressure inactivation of bacterial spores and to investigate the role of α/β-type small, acid-soluble proteins (SASP) in spores under pressure treatment, mild heat was combined with pressure (room temperature to 65°C and 100 to 500 MPa) and applied to wild-type and SASP-α−/β− Bacillus subtilis spores. On the one hand, more than 4 log units of wild-type spores were reduced after pressurization at 100 to 500 MPa and 65°C. On the other hand, the number of surviving mutant spores decreased by 2 log units at 100 MPa and by more than 5 log units at 500 MPa. At 500 MPa and 65°C, both wild-type and mutant spore survivor counts were reduced by 5 log units. Interestingly, pressures of 100, 200, and 300 MPa at 65°C inactivated wild-type SASP-α+/β+ spores more than mutant SASP-α−/β− spores, and this was attributed to less pressure-induced germination in SASP-α−/β− spores than in wild-type SASP-α+/β+ spores. However, there was no difference in the pressure resistance between SASP-α+/β+ and SASP-α−/β− spores at 100 MPa and ambient temperature (approximately 22°C) for 30 min. A combination of high pressure and high temperature is very effective for inducing spore germination, and then inactivation of the germinated spore occurs because of the heat treatment. This study showed that α/β-type SASP play a role in spore inactivation by increasing spore germination under 100 to 300 MPa at high temperature.

Ultrastructural and chemical distinction of melanins formed by Verticillium dahliae from (+)-scytalone, 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene, catechol, and L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine

1978 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Wheeler ◽  
W. J. Tolmsoff ◽  
A. A. Bell ◽  
H. H. Mollenhauer
Keyword(s):  
Verticillium Dahliae ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Melanin Biosynthesis

Microsclerotia of three melanin-deficient mutants of Verticillium dahliae formed melanin from (+)-scytalone, 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene, catechol, and L-3.4-dihydroxyphenylalanine. The melanins formed from (+)-scytalone or 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene resembled wild-type melanin chemically and ultrastructurally, whereas the melanins formed from catechol and L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine were different. This suggests that scytalone and 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene but not catechol or L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine are natural intermediates of melanin biosynthesis in V. dahliae.

scholarly journals Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals gene network regulation of TGase-induced thermotolerance in tomato

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 12208
Author(s):  
Mohammad S. JAHAN ◽  
Zhengrong SHI ◽  
Min ZHONG ◽  
Yuemei ZHANG ◽  
Ranran ZHOU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Mrna Level ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Protein Processing ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Shed Light

Transglutaminase (TGase), the ubiquitous protein in plants, catalyzes the post-translational transformation of proteins and plays a vital role in photosynthesis. However, its role and mechanism in tomato subjected to heat stress still remain unknown. Here, we carried out a transcriptomic assay to compare the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between wild type (WT) and TGase overexpression (TGaseOE) plants employed to high-temperature at 42 °C and samples were collected after 0, 6, and 12 h, respectively. A total of 11,516 DEGs were identified from heat-stressed seedlings, while 1,148 and 1,353 DEGs were up-and down-regulated, respectively. The DEGs upon high-temperature stress were closely associated with the pathways encompassing protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, carbon fixation, and photosynthetic metabolism. In addition, 425 putative transcription factors (TFs) were identified, and the majority of them associated with the bHLH, HSF, AP2/ERF, MYB, and WRKY families. RNA-seq data validation further confirmed that 8 genes were linked to protein processing and photosynthesis, and the mRNA level of these genes in TGaseOE was higher than that in WT plants, which is consistent in transcriptome results. In conclusion, these results reveal the transcriptional regulation between WT and TGaseOE in tomato under heat stress and shed light on a new dimension of knowledge of TGase-mediated thermotolerance mechanism at the molecular level.

scholarly journals VIL1, a Polycomb-associated protein, modulates high ambient temperature response via H3K27me3 and H2A.Z in Arabidopsis thaliana

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yogendra Bordiya ◽  
Junghyun Kim ◽  
Yanpeng Xi ◽  
Dong-Hwan Kim ◽  
Youngjae Pyo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Epigenetic Regulation ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
High Ambient Temperature ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Phd Finger ◽  
Finger Protein

AbstractAdapting to the everchanging environment is key to a successful life for an organism. Eukaryotes reprogram their transcriptome in order to adapt to an unfavorable environment. To achieve this reprogramming, plants and animals employ multiple responses including epigenetic regulation. In the search for mutations compromised in high ambient temperature response, we found that VIL1, a PHD finger protein displays aberrant development at high temperature. RNA-seq analysis shows that vil1 fails to downregulate heat suppressed genes. H2A.Z ChIP-seq showed that unlike wild type, vil1 fails to evict H2A.Z from heat responsive genes. We also found that vil1 suppresses constitutive thermo-morphogenic phenotype of arp6. Supporting this phenotype, RNA-seq analysis revealed that constitutive heat responsive transcriptome of arp6 reverted back to the wild-type levels in arp6vil1. This observation suggests an antagonistic relationship between VIL1 and ARP6. We found that this antagonism can be explained in part by interaction between H3K27me3 and H2A.Z.

scholarly journals Isolation and characterization of Chlorella sp. mutants with enhanced thermo- and CO2 tolerances for CO2 sequestration and utilization of flue gases

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsiang-Hui Chou ◽  
Hsiang-Yen Su ◽  
Xiang-Di Song ◽  
Te-Jin Chow ◽  
Chun-Yen Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Chlorella Vulgaris ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Biomass Productivity ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Industrial Plants ◽  
Chlorella Sp ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Gas Removal

Abstract Background The increasing emission of flue gas from industrial plants contributes to environmental pollution, global warming, and climate change. Microalgae have been considered excellent biological materials for flue gas removal, particularly CO2 mitigation. However, tolerance to high temperatures is also critical for outdoor microalgal mass cultivation. Therefore, flue gas- and thermo-tolerant mutants of Chlorella vulgaris ESP-31 were generated and characterized for their ability to grow under various conditions. Results In this study, we obtained two CO2- and thermo-tolerant mutants of Chlorella vulgaris ESP-31, namely, 283 and 359, with enhanced CO2 tolerance and thermo-tolerance by using N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG) mutagenesis followed by screening at high temperature and under high CO2 conditions with the w-zipper pouch selection method. The two mutants exhibited higher photosynthetic activity and biomass productivity than that of the ESP-31 wild type. More importantly, the mutants were able to grow at high temperature (40 °C) and a high concentration of simulated flue gas (25% CO2, 80–90 ppm SO2, 90–100 ppm NO) and showed higher carbohydrate and lipid contents than did the ESP-31 wild type. Conclusions The two thermo- and flue gas-tolerant mutants of Chlorella vulgaris ESP-31 were useful for CO2 mitigation from flue gas under heated conditions and for the production of carbohydrates and biodiesel directly using CO2 from flue gas.

Retarded nuclear migration in Drosophila embryos with aberrant F-actin reorganization caused by maternal mutations and by cytochalasin treatment

Development ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 111 (4) ◽  
pp. 909-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Hatanaka ◽  
M. Okada
Keyword(s):  
Cytochalasin B ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Nuclear Migration ◽  
Yolk Mass ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Cleavage Stage ◽  
Early Cleavage ◽  
Actin Reorganization ◽  
Actin Organization ◽  
Drosophila Embryos

Three X-linked mutations of Drosophila melanogaster, gs(1)N26, gs(1)N441 and paralog, had a common maternal-effect phenotype. Mutant embryos show reduced egg contraction that normally occurs at an early cleavage stage in wild-type embryos. In addition, the mutants exhibited retarded nuclear migration while synchronous nuclear divisions were unaffected. The retarded migration causes nuclei to remain in the anterior part of the embryo retaining their spherical distribution even in a late cleavage stage. This consequently results in an extreme delay in nuclear arrival in the posterior periplasm. A mutant phenocopy was induced in wild-type embryos that were treated with cytochalasin B or D at a very early cleavage stage. Remarkable differences were noticed in the organization of cortical F-actin between the mutants and the wild type throughout the cleavage stage: obvious F-actin aggregates were dispersed in the cortex of mutant embryos, in contrast to the wild type where the cortical F-actin layer was smooth and underlying F-actin aggregates were smaller than those in the mutants; the transition of the distribution pattern of F-actin in the yolk mass, from the centralized to the fragmented type, occurred later in the mutants than in wild type. The results suggest that these mutations affect the mechanism underlying establishment and transition of F-actin organization required for normal egg contraction and nuclear migration in the cleavage embryos.

scholarly journals Improved Medium for Selecting Nitrate-Nonutilizing (nit) Mutants of Verticillium dahliae

1997 ◽  
Vol 87 (10) ◽  
pp. 1067-1070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Korolev ◽  
Talma Katan
Keyword(s):  
Verticillium Dahliae ◽  
Minimal Medium ◽  
Vegetative Compatibility ◽  
Potassium Chlorate ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Nit Mutants ◽  
Cornmeal Agar

Nitrate-nonutilizing (nit) mutants are commonly used to determine vegetative compatibility between isolates of Verticillium dahliae by complementation (heterokaryon) testing. These mutants emerge spontaneously as chlorate-resistant sectors growing out of partially restricted, wild-type colonies on chlorate-amended media. The commonly used chlorate media are based on minimal medium (MMC) or cornmeal agar (CMC), amended with potassium chlorate. nit mutants recovered on these media constituted 10 to 36%(on MMC) and 25 to 45%(on CMC) of the apparently resistant sectors. An improved water agar chlorate medium (WAC) is described that is more effective for selecting chlorate-resistant nit mutants. WAC medium consists of agar (2%), glucose (0.02%), and potassium chlorate (2 to 5%). On WAC, growth of most V. dahliae isolates was strongly inhibited, and 66 to 100%(average >80%) of the chlorate-resistant sectors formed were nit mutants. Most mutants were characterized as nit1, and about 6% as NitM.

scholarly journals Intramitotic controls in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe: the effect of cell size on spindle length and the timing of mitotic events.

1990 ◽  
Vol 110 (5) ◽  
pp. 1617-1621 ◽  
Author(s):  
I M Hagan ◽  
P N Riddle ◽  
J S Hyams
Keyword(s):  
Schizosaccharomyces Pombe ◽  
Fission Yeast ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Nuclear Migration ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Reverse Direction ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Spindle Elongation ◽  
Anaphase B ◽  
In Cells

We have used a new cinemicroscopy technique in combination with antitubulin immunofluorescence microscopy to investigate the timing of mitotic events in cells of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe having lengths at division between 7 and 60 microns. Wild-type fission yeast cells divide at a length of 14 microns. Separation of daughter nuclei (anaphase B) proceeds at a rate of 1.6 +/- 0.2 microns min-1, until the spindle extends the length of the cell. Coincident with spindle depolymerization, the nuclei reverse direction and take up positions that will become the center of the two daughter cells. This post-mitotic nuclear migration occurs at a rate of 1.4 +/- 0.5 microns-1. In cells in which the weel+ gene is overexpressed fivefold and that have an average length at mitosis of 28 microns, the rate of nuclear separation was only slightly reduced but, as spindles in these cells measure 20-22 microns, the duration of anaphase B was extended by approximately 40%. By contrast, in the mutant weel.50, which divides at 7 microns, both the rate and duration of anaphase B were indistinguishable from wild type. Nuclei reach the ends of these cells earlier but remain there until a point corresponding to the time of postmitotic nuclear migration in wild type. Thus, the events of mitosis can be extended but not abbreviated. These results are discussed in terms of a mitotic termination control that monitors many different events, one of which is spindle elongation.

scholarly journals VdSNF1, the Sucrose Nonfermenting Protein Kinase Gene of Verticillium dahliae, Is Required for Virulence and Expression of Genes Involved in Cell-Wall Degradation

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aliki K. Tzima ◽  
Epaminondas J. Paplomatas ◽  
Payungsak Rauyaree ◽  
Manuel D. Ospina-Giraldo ◽  
Seogchan Kang
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Verticillium Dahliae ◽  
Type Strain ◽  
Wild Type Strain ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Catabolic Repression ◽  
Kinase Gene ◽  
Fluid Medium

Verticillium dahliae is a soilborne fungus causing vascular wilt in a diverse array of plant species. Its virulence has been attributed, among other factors, to the activity of hydrolytic cell wall–degrading enzymes (CWDE). The sucrose nonfermenting 1 gene (VdSNF1), which regulates catabolic repression, was disrupted in V. dahliae tomato race 1. Expression of CWDE in the resulting mutants was not induced in inductive medium and in simulated xylem fluid medium. Growth of the mutants was significantly reduced when grown with pectin or galactose as a carbon source whereas, with glucose, sucrose, and xylose, they grew similarly to wild-type and ectopic transformants. The mutants were severely impaired in virulence on tomato and eggplant (final disease severity reduced by an average of 87%). Microscopic observation of the infection behavior of a green fluorescent protein (gfp)-labeled VdSNF1 mutant (70ΔSF-gfp1) showed that it was defective in initial colonization of roots. Cross sections of tomato stem at the cotyledonary level showed that 70ΔSF-gfp1 colonized xylem vessels considerably less than the wild-type strain. The wild-type strain heavily colonized xylem vessels and adjacent parenchyma cells. Quantification of fungal biomass in plant tissues further confirmed reduced colonization of roots, stems, and cotyledons by 70ΔSF-gfp1 relative to that by the wild-type strain.

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