SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF INBREEDING ON VIABILITY IN DROSOPHILA VIRILIS

Genetics ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-468
Author(s):  
Kazuhiko Kosuda
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Synergistic Interaction ◽  
Drosophila Virilis ◽  
Wide Range

ABSTRACT The effect of inbreeding on egg to adult viability was determined for Drosophila virilis over a wide range of inbreeding levels (0 < F <.734). The quantity —loge (Viability) was found to be a curvilinear function of F, indicating synergistic interaction among loci. The curvature was not evident, however, below F =.500. The values of A and B (Morton et al. 1956) were calculated to be.06 and.77-.86, respectively. This extremely small value of A yielded a very large value for the B/A ratio i.e., 12.51-14.99.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the combined effects of doxorubicin and bortezomib on the human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-91
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Korga ◽  
Ewelina Humeniuk ◽  
Grzegorz Adamczuk ◽  
Magdalena Iwan ◽  
Marta Ostrowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Antineoplastic Agent ◽  
Leukemia Cell ◽  
Leukemia Cell Line ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Human Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Abstract Increasing numbers of oncological patients and growing drug resistance ensure that new methods of cancer treatment are intensively sought. Combining drugs for a synergistic effect is one of several possible ways to mitigate this problem. This leads to reducing the effective drug dose and the occurrence of side effects. Doxorubicin (DOX) is an antineoplastic agent that has several mechanisms of action. DOX intercalates between base pairs of DNA helix, inhibits topoisomerase II and also forms reactive oxygen species. Bortezomib (BZT) is an antitumor agent belonging to the group of proteasome inhibitors. It has been observed that BZT triggers an oxidative stress response in vitro and in vivo. Accumulation of oxidatively damaged proteins and the simultaneously blocking of the proteasome can be very damaging to the tumour cell. For this reason, the aim of the study was to assess the potentially synergistic effect of DOX and BZT on human acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In the work, the cells were treated with both agents and their combinations and the effect was evaluated on the basis of morphological assessment, MTT assay and level of reduced glutathione measurement. The study has shown that on acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells, synergistic effects came about in the combination of 1nM BZT with a wide range of concentrations of DOX. Herein, the visible, coactive effect of DOX and BZT was observed on oxidative stress levels. This phenomenon can be essential in blunting the possibility of rapid manifestation of resistance seen in BZT monotherapy. In addition, the needed very low concentrations of DOX reduce the risk of therapy side effect.

scholarly journals Synergistic extraction of rhenium (VII) with mixtures of high-aliphatic alcohols and ketones from sulphuric acid media.

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3-2020) ◽  
pp. 51-54
Author(s):  
A. M. Dvornikova ◽  
◽  
A. G. Kasikov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Aliphatic Alcohols ◽  
Synergistic Extraction ◽  
Acid Solutions ◽  
Acid Media ◽  
High Acid ◽  
Wide Range

Rhenium(VII) solvent extraction with synergistic mixtures of neutral extractants (octyl alcohols and ketones) from sulphuric acid media has been investigated. It was observed that the synergistic effect appeared under solvent extraction from high acid solutions, consisting ≥ 5 mol/L H2SO4.The synergistic coefficients were up to 2–2,3 providing 97,5–98,7% rhenium(VII) extraction efficiency at one SX step. High rhenium(VII) SX efficiency maintained in the wide range of extraction mixtures compositions (10–50 % v/v of ketone).

scholarly journals Potential of magnetic nano cellulose in biomedical applications: Recent Advances

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-47
Author(s):  
Anuj Kumar ◽  
Ankur Sood ◽  
Sung Soo Han
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Nanoparticles ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Triboelectric Nanogenerator ◽  
Wearable Electronics ◽  
Bacterial Nanocellulose ◽  
Renewable Biomass ◽  
Potential Efficacy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Nano Cellulose

Biopolymers have attracted considerable attention in various biomedical applications. Among them, cellulose as sustainable and renewable biomass has shown potential efficacy. With the advancement in nanotechnology, a wide range of nanostructured materials have surfaced with the potential to offer substantial biomedical applications. . The progress of cellulose at the nanoscale regime (nanocelluloses) with diverse forms like cellulose nanocrystals, nanofibres and bacterial nanocellulose) has imparted remarkable properties like high aspect-ratio and high mechanical strength, and biocompatibility. The amalgamation of nanocellulose together with magnetic nanoparticles (MNC) could be explored for a synergistic effect. In this review, a brief introduction of nano cellulose , magnetic nanoparticles and the synergistic effect of MNC is described. Further, the review sheds light on the recent studies based on MNCs with their potential in the biomedical area. Finally, the review is concluded by citing the remarkable value of MNC with their futuristic applications in other fields like friction layers for triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), energy production, hydrogen splitting, and wearable electronics.

Synergistic Effect of High Temperature and High pH on the Destruction of Salmonella enteritidis and Escherichia co1i O157:H7

1996 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 1023-1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
YEOW-LIM TEO ◽  
TIMOTHY J. RAYNOR ◽  
KAMESWAR R. ELLAJOSYULA ◽  
STEPHEN J. KNABEL
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Synergistic Interaction ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
High Ph ◽  
E Coli

This study was undertaken to determine if high temperature and high pH interact synergistically to enhance the rate of destruction of two important gram-negative foodborne pathogens, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enteritidis. The rates of destruction in NaHCO3-NaOH buffers at pH 7.0, 10.0, and 11.0 were determined at 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, and 65°C. Use of an improved heating protocol eliminated a “tailing effect” at longer exposure times. The present study demonstrated that the combination of high pH and high temperature resulted in a highly significant synergistic interaction (P > F = 0.0001), which caused rapid death of both E. coli O157:H7 and S. enteritidis. This “alka-therm” technology might be used commercially to destroy gram-negative foodborne pathogens on various raw agricultural commodities.

Study of carbon dioxide hydrogenation to hydrocarbons over iron-based Catalysts: Synergistic effect

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 182
Author(s):  
Isa Shahroudbari ◽  
Yaghoub Sarrafi ◽  
Yahya Zamani
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Catalyst Characterization ◽  
Incipient Wetness Impregnation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Hydrogenation ◽  
Iron Based ◽  
Iron Based Catalysts

The full article will be published in the English version of the  journal "Catalysis in Industry" No. 4, 2021.Hydrogenation of CO2 to CO and hydrocarbons is carried out over a wide range of catalysts. Group of VIIIB transition metals have proved high conversion and selectively for CO and methane. Meanwhile, low cost and effective catalysts are preferable in an industrial scale. In this work, the synergistic effect of iron content on the catalytic performance were investigated in carbon dioxide hydrogenation reaction. Incipient wetness impregnation procedure was used for the preparation of four γ-Al2O3 supported iron-based catalysts. BET, XRD, H2-TPR and TEM techniques were employed for the catalyst characterization. The evaluation of catalysts were carried out in a fixed bed reactor at the process conditions of temperature of 300 °C, pressure of 20 atm, H2 to CO2 ratio of 3 and GHSV of 3 nl.h–1·gCat–1. It was found that the promoter addition improves the activity of Fe catalyst for both Fischer – Tropsch synthesis (FTS) and Reverse Water Gas Shift (RWGS) reactions. The results showed that conversion of CO2 was from 15.6 to 35.6 % with major products of methane, C2 to C4, C5+ and CO. It was also found that impact of K and Ce promoters into iron catalyst showed the highest conversion and hydrocarbon yield due to the synergistic effect.

Achieving the maximum synergistic effect in production

2021 ◽  
pp. 18-32
Author(s):  
Yu. A. Ostrovskiy ◽  
A. P. Yakovleva ◽  
A. V. Mukhin ◽  
G. E. Ganina
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Organizational Form ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Global Innovation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cooperative Activity ◽  
Level Analysis ◽  
Effective Result

Practical activities aimed at improving the efficiency of production often determine the theoretical developments in this area. In this practical activity, it is always possible to discover hidden patterns that can be of great importance for the completion of the relevant theoretical provisions. The article attempts to comprehend some aspects of practical human activity in the direction of increasing the efficiency of production in order to use them to build a synergistic effect management apparatus. Due to the novelty of the issue and the wide range of different approaches, it is necessary to limit ourselves only to a conceptual consideration in order to gain an opportunity to get into the field of practical use in production activities on this basis. The authors propose the concept of achieving the maximum synergistic effect in production on the basis of a new organizational form of cooperative activity, which allows purposefully obtaining an emergent, super-effective result. In order to develop and justify the concept of achieving the maximum synergistic effect in production, a multi-level analysis was carried out at the level of mental activity to develop ways to obtain a synergistic effect, at the level of distinctive features of global innovations in production, and at the level of compatibility of actions to obtain a synergistic effect. Taking into account the synonymy of the concepts of «synergy» and «cooperation», the conclusion about the dominant role of cooperation in obtaining an emergent synergistic property in man-made activities is made. It is shown that the emergent property is most evident in the new organizational form, which is the ergodynamic cooperative (EDC). Borrowing certain features of the analyzed global innovations in the formation of the EDC, the authors suggest that the EDC can claim to be an independent global innovation.

Synergistic Activity of the Novel Src/Abl Inhibitor Bosutinib in Combination with Imatinib.

Blood ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 110 (11) ◽  
pp. 2930-2930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Redaelli ◽  
Frank Boschelli ◽  
Michela Viltadi ◽  
Iris Meneghetti ◽  
Carlo Gambacorti
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Leukemic Cells ◽  
Synergistic Activity ◽  
Binding Modes ◽  
Imatinib Resistant ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract The oncogenic fusion protein Bcr-Abl is the underlying cause of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML), and it is present in up to 35% of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). The discovery of a selective Abl inhibitor, Imatinib mesylate, has revolutionized the treatment of CML. Recently, several new inhibitors have been developed with the aim of increasing both potency and selectivity against Abl. Bosutinib (SKI-606, Wyeth) is a dual Src/Abl inhibitor that showed an in vitro activity in the low nanomolar range on several BCR-ABL positive cells and it is, at present, in phase II clinical trials. Bosutinib is devoid of activity against some known “off-target” kinases blocked by imatinib, such as PDGFR and c-Kit. In addition structural and modelling data attribute to Bosutinib the ability to bind Bcr-Abl in the intermediate/active conformation, while Imatinib is able to bind only the inactive conformation of Bcr-Abl. In this study we analyzed in vitro the combination of Imatinib and Bosutinib in Bcr-Abl expressing cell lines to evaluate the possibility to decrease dosage of both drugs, increasing or maintaining the same efficacy but avoiding toxic effects. Combination effects were evaluated according to the method of Chou and Talalay, in which the combination index (CI) value is calculated for a combination of two drugs and allows the quantification of synergism: CI <1, =1 or >1 indicate synergistic, additive or antagonistic interactions, respectively. Proliferation assays on a panel of Imatinib-sensitive and Imatinib-resistant BCR-ABL positive cell lines were performed. Cells were treated with Imatinib and Bosutinib as single agents or in three ratio combinations (1:3, 1:10, 1:33 in favour to Imatinib) across a wide range of concentrations. Combination indexes (CI) calculated at IC50, IC75 and IC90 for K562 cells (Imatinib-sensitive), suggest a synergistic to very strong synergistic effect (CI= 0.01-0.53). Similarly, in KCl22, KU812 and Lama84 cells (Imatinib-sensitive) moderate to strong synergistic effects were observed. A slight to moderate synergism was also obtained in three Imatinib-resistant cell lines tested: Lama84R (CI=0.63-0.88), K562R (CI=0.63-0.82) and KCL22R (CI=0.62-0.92). Western blot analysis of the tyrosine phosphorylation status of K562S cells treated with a mixture of 100nM Imatinib and 10nM Bosutinib revealed a substantially more pronounced inhibition compared with either 100nM Imatinib or 10nM Bosutinib alone. The effect of the combination was also assessed in murine Ba/F3 cells transfected with either wild type (WT) or mutated forms of BCR-ABL. Parental Ba/F3 cells were not affected by the presence of both drugs, while in Ba/F3 BCR-ABL WT the CI ranged from 0.49 to 0.85, indicating moderate synergism. The combination of Imatinib and Bosutinib inhibited the growth of Ba/F3 BCR-ABL Y253F with a slight synergism (CI 0.77-0.87). No synergistic effect was observed on Ba/F3 BCR-ABL E255K and on the highly resistant T315I mutant. Fresh leukemic cells obtained from three CML patients were also studied. In these samples synergistic effects between Bosutinib and Imatinib were confirmed (CI=0.52, 0.73, 0.62). The different binding modes of Imatinib and Bosutinib may justify the synergistic effect observed in the CML lines. This results support a possible therapeutic advantage for the combination of Bosutinib and Imatinib against Philadelphia positive leukemias.

Comparison of the Combined Effects of Hyperthermia with Ionizing Radiation or Cisplatin on Yeast and Mammalian Cells

2017 ◽  
pp. 21-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
М. Пронкевич ◽  
M. Pronkevich ◽  
Е. Евстратова ◽  
E. Evstratova ◽  
С. Белкина ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Synergistic Interaction ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Simultaneous Action ◽  
Optimal Temperature ◽  
Combined Action ◽  
Combined Actions

Purpose: To compare radiation responses of yeast and mammalian cells to combined actions of various agents and on this basis to draw a conclusion about the possibility of synergy ideas application in medical radiology. Material and methods: The yeast cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were exposed to the combined action of hyperthermia (22–58 °C, exposure time 0–9 hrs) with ionizing radiation (25 MeV bremsstrahlung 5 and 25 Gy/min or γ-rays 60Co, 2, 10, and 80 Gy/min, acute irradiation) or anti-tumor drug cisplatin (0,05 or 0,25 mg/ml, exposure time 0–3 hrs). The result of synergistic interaction for yeast cells was assessed by the survival curves obtained by the authors after separate exposure to hyperthermia, ionizing radiation, cisplatin and after combined action of hyperthermia with ionizing radiation or cisplatin. To quantify the synergistic interaction of similar combined actions on mammalian cells, the data published by other authors have been used who did not evaluate the synergistic effect themselves. Results: The synergistic interaction of hyperthermia with ionizing radiation or cisplatin was established for yeast and mammalian cells. It is shown that the synergistic effect of the simultaneous action of these agents is observed only within a certain temperature range, within which there is an optimal temperature at which the greatest synergism occurs. This optimal temperature is shifted to lower values with a decrease in the dose rate of ionizing radiation or concentration of cisplatin. For sequential application of hyperthermia and ionizing radiation the effect of combined action increases with an increase in acting temperature up to a certain limit, after which it remains constant. These results are interpreted using the mathematical models previously proposed, in accordance with which the synergism is determined by the formation of additional damage due to the interaction of sub-damage that are not effective after separate application of agents. Despite the fact that all of the data presented were obtained at temperatures far beyond the ambient temperature, it is not excluded that there could be optimal intensities of harmful agents existing in the biosphere and capable of interacting with physiological heat of animals and man in a synergistic manner. Hence, the assessment of health or environmental risks from numerous natural and man-made agents at the level of intensities found in environmental and occupational settings should take into account synergistic interaction between harmful agents. Conclusion: The general regularities of synergistic effects of combined action of hyperthermia with ionizing radiation or with cisplatin for yeast and mammalian cells have been established – the existence of optimal parameters for acting agents providing the highest synergy and its dependence on the intensity of agents applied.

scholarly journals Interactions of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate analogues and fragments with pigeon liver malic enzyme. Synergistic effect between the nicotinamide and adenine moieties

1987 ◽  
Vol 245 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
H J Lee ◽  
G G Chang
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide ◽  
Malic Enzyme ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate ◽  
Nucleotide Binding ◽  
Phosphate Group ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine ◽  
Oxidative Decarboxylation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pigeon Liver

The structural requirements of the NADP+ molecule as a coenzyme in the oxidative decarboxylation reaction catalysed by pigeon liver malic enzyme were studied by kinetic and fluorimetric analyses with various NADP+ analogues and fragments. The substrate L-malate had little effect on the nucleotide binding. Etheno-NADP+, 3-acetylpyridine-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, and nicotinamide-hypoxanthine dinucleotide phosphate act as alternative coenzymes for the enzyme. Their kinetic parameters were similar to that of NADP+. Thionicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, 3-aminopyridine-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, 5′-adenylyl imidodiphosphate, nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide 3′-phosphate and NAD+ act as inhibitors for the enzyme. The first two were competitive with respect to NADP+ and non-competitive with respect to L-malate; the other inhibitors were non-competitive with NADP+. All NADP+ fragments were inhibitory to the enzyme, with a wide range of affinity, depending on the presence or absence of a 2′-phosphate group. Compounds with this group bind to the enzyme 2-3 orders of magnitude more tightly than those without this group. Only compounds with this group were competitive inhibitors with respect to NADP+. We conclude that the 2′-phosphate group is crucial for the nucleotide binding of this enzyme, whereas the carboxyamide carbonyl group of the nicotinamide moiety is important for the coenzyme activity. There is a strong synergistic effect between the binding of the nicotinamide and adenosine moieties of the nucleotide molecule.

scholarly journals Synergistic Interaction between the Entomopathogenic Fungus Akanthomyces attenuatus (Zare & Gams) and the Botanical Insecticide Matrine against Megalurothrips usitatus (Bagrall)

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 536
Author(s):  
Jianhui Wu ◽  
Bo Yang ◽  
Xiaochen Zhang ◽  
Andrew G. S. Cuthbertson ◽  
Shaukat Ali
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungus ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Synergistic Interaction ◽  
Natural Ecosystem ◽  
Botanical Insecticide ◽  
Mortality Effect

The excessive use of synthetic chemicals for Megalurothrips usitatus (Bagrall) management has resulted in the development of insecticide resistance as well as adverse effects to the natural ecosystem. This has driven the need to develop alternative pest control strategies. This study reports a synergistic interaction between the entomopathogenic fungus Akanthomyces attenuatus (Zare & Gams) and the botanical insecticide matrine against M. usitatus. The results revealed that the germination rate and colony growth of A. attenuatus were inhibited by higher matrine concentrations. Percentage mortalities of M. usitatus following application of A. attenuatus and matrine showed a dose mortality effect. After five days of treatment, all concentrations of matrine combined with different concentrations of A. attenuatus, except one combination (matrine 0.25 mg/mL + 1 × 107 conidia/mL), showed synergistic effect. The activities of acetylcholinesterase and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase) in M. usitatus, in response to individual or combined application of A. attenuatus and matrine at the end of the experimental period, were significantly lower than controls. The findings confirm the synergistic action of A. attenuatus and matrine against M. usitatus along with the biochemical phenomenon possibly regulating the synergistic effect.

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