scholarly journals The heterochromatin block that functions as a rod cell microlens in owl monkeys formed within a 15 million year time span

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideyuki Tanabe ◽  
Ken Takeshi Kusakabe ◽  
Hiroyuki Imai ◽  
Shin-Ichi Yokota ◽  
Takeshi Kuraishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Time Span ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Rod Cells ◽  
Heterochromatin Block ◽  
History Of ◽  
Owl Monkeys ◽  
Dna Components ◽  
Rod Cell

Abstract In rod cells of many nocturnal mammals, heterochromatin localizes to the central region of the nucleus and serves as a lens to send light efficiently to the photoreceptor region. The genus Aotus (owl monkeys) is commonly considered to have undergone a shift from diurnal to nocturnal lifestyle. We recently demonstrated that rod cells of the Aotus species A. azarae possess a heterochromatin block at the center of its nucleus. The purpose of the present study was to estimate the time span in which the formation of the heterochromatin block took place. We performed three-dimensional hybridization analysis of the rod cell of another species, A. lemurinus. This analysis revealed the presence of a heterochromatin block that consisted of the same DNA components as those in A. azarae. These results indicate that the formation was complete at or before the separation of the two species. Based on the commonly accepted evolutionary history of New World monkeys and specifically of owl monkeys, the time span for the entire formation process was estimated to be 15 million years at most.

scholarly journals Papio cynocephalus Endogenous Retrovirus among Old World Monkeys: Evidence for Coevolution and Ancient Cross-Species Transmissions

2000 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 1578-1586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Mang ◽  
Jolanda Maas ◽  
Antoinette C. van der Kuyl ◽  
Jaap Goudsmit
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Purifying Selection ◽  
Endogenous Retrovirus ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Papio Cynocephalus ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Old World ◽  
Colobus Badius ◽  
History Of

ABSTRACT To study the evolutionary history of Papio cynocephalus endogenous retrovirus (PcEV), we analyzed the distribution and genetic characteristics of PcEV among 17 different species of primates. The viral pol-env and long terminal repeat and untranslated region (LTR-UTR) sequences could be recovered from all Old World species of the papionin tribe, which includes baboons, macaques, geladas, and mangabeys, but not from the New World monkeys and hominoids we tested. The Old World genera Cercopithecus andMiopithecus hosted either a PcEV variant with an incomplete genome or a virus with substantial mismatches in the LTR-UTR. A complete PcEV was found in the genome of Colobus guereza—but not in Colobus badius—with a copy number of 44 to 61 per diploid genome, comparable to that seen in papionins, and with a sequence most closely related to a virus of the papionin tribe. Analysis of evolutionary distances among PcEV sequences for synonymous and nonsynonymous sites indicated that purifying selection was operational during PcEV evolution. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that possibly two subtypes of PcEV entered the germ line of a common ancestor of the papionins and subsequently coevolved with their hosts. One strain of PcEV was apparently transmitted from a papionin ancestor to an ancestor of the central African lowland C. guereza.

scholarly journals Gaia: A Stereoscopic Census of Our Galaxy

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (H15) ◽  
pp. 816-816
Author(s):  
T. Prusti
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Elemental Composition ◽  
Observational Data ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Subsequent Evolution ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Space Astrometry ◽  
Modern Astronomy

AbstractGaia is a space astrometry mission, a broad survey project following the measurement and operational principles of Hipparcos. It will help solving one of the most difficult yet deeply fundamental challenges in modern astronomy: to create an extraordinarily precise three-dimensional map of about one billion stars throughout our Galaxy and beyond. In the process, it will map their three-dimensional motions, which encode the origin and subsequent evolution of the Galaxy. Through comprehensive photometric and spectroscopic classification, it will provide the detailed physical properties of each star observed: characterising their luminosity, temperature, gravity, and elemental composition. This massive stellar census will provide the basic observational data to tackle an enormous range of important problems related to the origin, structure, and evolutionary history of our Galaxy.

Numerical simulation for evolutionary history of three-dimensional basin

1994 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 435-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-rang Yuan ◽  
Wen-qia Wang ◽  
Dan-ping Yang ◽  
Yu-ji Han ◽  
Cheng-shun Yang
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals The appearance and duration of the Jehol Biota: Constraint from SIMS U-Pb zircon dating for the Huajiying Formation in northern China

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (25) ◽  
pp. 14299-14305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saihong Yang ◽  
Huaiyu He ◽  
Fan Jin ◽  
Fucheng Zhang ◽  
Yuanbao Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Hebei Province ◽  
Jehol Biota ◽  
History Of ◽  
Fossil Records ◽  
Secondary Ion

The Lower Cretaceous Huajiying Formation of the Sichakou Basin in northern Hebei Province, northern China contains key vertebrate taxa of the early Jehol Biota, e.g.,Protopteryx fengningensis,Archaeornithura meemannae,Peipiaosteus fengningensis, andEoconfuciusornis zhengi. This formation arguably documents the second-oldest bird-bearing horizon, producing the oldest fossil records of the two major Mesozoic avian groups Enantiornithes and Ornithuromorpha. Hence, precisely determining the depositional ages of the Huajiying Formation would advance our understanding of the evolutionary history of the Jehol Biota. Here we present secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) U-Pb zircon analysis results of eight interbedded tuff/tuffaceous sandstone samples from the Huajiying Formation. Our findings, combined with previous radiometric dates, suggest that the oldest enantiornithine and ornithuromorph birds in the Jehol Biota are ∼129−131 Ma, and that the Jehol Biota most likely first appeared at ∼135 Ma. This expands the biota’s temporal distribution from late Valanginian to middle Aptian with a time span of about 15 My.

scholarly journals Convergent evolution of olfactory and thermoregulatory capacities in small amphibious mammals

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (16) ◽  
pp. 8958-8965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quentin Martinez ◽  
Julien Clavel ◽  
Jacob A. Esselstyn ◽  
Anang S. Achmadi ◽  
Camille Grohé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Phylogenetic Diversity ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Avoidance Behaviors ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
History Of

Olfaction and thermoregulation are key functions for mammals. The former is critical to feeding, mating, and predator avoidance behaviors, while the latter is essential for homeothermy. Aquatic and amphibious mammals face olfactory and thermoregulatory challenges not generally encountered by terrestrial species. In mammals, the nasal cavity houses a bony system supporting soft tissues and sensory organs implicated in either olfactory or thermoregulatory functions. It is hypothesized that to cope with aquatic environments, amphibious mammals have expanded their thermoregulatory capacity at the expense of their olfactory system. We investigated the evolutionary history of this potential trade-off using a comparative dataset of three-dimensional (3D) CT scans of 189 skulls, capturing 17 independent transitions from a strictly terrestrial to an amphibious lifestyle across small mammals (Afrosoricida, Eulipotyphla, and Rodentia). We identified rapid and repeated loss of olfactory capacities synchronously associated with gains in thermoregulatory capacity in amphibious taxa sampled from across mammalian phylogenetic diversity. Evolutionary models further reveal that these convergences result from faster rates of turbinal bone evolution and release of selective constraints on the thermoregulatory-olfaction trade-off in amphibious species. Lastly, we demonstrated that traits related to vital functions evolved faster to the optimum compared to traits that are not related to vital functions.

The “earliest tabulate corals” are not tabulates

Geology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Elias ◽  
Dong-Jin Lee ◽  
Brian R. Pratt
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Late Ordovician ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Cambrian Explosion ◽  
Middle Ordovician ◽  
Early Ordovician ◽  
Calcareous Alga ◽  
History Of ◽  
Geological Factors ◽  
Tabulate Corals

Putative tabulate-like corals dating to the Cambrian Explosion are not true tabulates. Early Ordovician fossils identified as Lichenaria and previously accepted as the earliest tabulate corals actually belong to Amsassia, which may be a calcareous alga. The earliest definite tabulates appeared in the latest Middle Ordovician as part of the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event, prior to the earliest confirmed occurrence of tabulate species that do belong to Lichenaria in the Late Ordovician. With Cambrian (Epoch 2) tabulate-like fossils being separated from the appearance of true tabulates by a time span of ~50 m.y., a direct phylogenetic connection is unlikely. Thus, the prevailing understanding of the origin and evolutionary history of tabulate corals needs to be reconsidered. The appearance of both major groups of Paleozoic corals, tabulates and rugosans, at the same time on separate paleocontinents must be taken into account in determining biological and geological factors involved in the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event.

scholarly journals Resurrecting embryos of the tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus , to resolve vertebrate phallus evolution

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 20150694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Sanger ◽  
Marissa L. Gredler ◽  
Martin J. Cohn
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
External Genitalia ◽  
Evolutionary Origin ◽  
Victorian Era ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Genital Development ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Sphenodon Punctatus ◽  
History Of

The breadth of anatomical and functional diversity among amniote external genitalia has led to uncertainty about the evolutionary origins of the phallus. In several lineages, including the tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus , adults lack an intromittent phallus, raising the possibility that the amniote ancestor lacked external genitalia and reproduced using cloacal apposition. Accordingly, a phallus may have evolved multiple times in amniotes. However, similarities in development across amniote external genitalia suggest that the phallus may have a single evolutionary origin. To resolve the evolutionary history of amniote genitalia, we performed three-dimensional reconstruction of Victorian era tuatara embryos to look for embryological evidence of external genital initiation. Despite the absence of an intromittent phallus in adult tuataras, our observations show that tuatara embryos develop genital anlagen. This illustrates that there is a conserved developmental stage of external genital development among all amniotes and suggests a single evolutionary origin of amniote external genitalia.

Using three-dimensional geometric morphometric and dental topographic analyses to infer the systematics and paleoecology of fossil treeshrews (Mammalia, Scandentia)

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 1202-1212
Author(s):  
Keegan R. Selig ◽  
Eric J. Sargis ◽  
Stephen G.B. Chester ◽  
Mary T. Silcox
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dental Morphology ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Second Molar ◽  
Morphometric Analyses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dietary Ecology ◽  
Molar Morphology

AbstractTreeshrews are small, Indomalayan mammals closely related to primates. Previously, three-dimensional geometric morphometric analyses were used to assess patterns of treeshrew lower second molar morphology, which showed that the positions of molar landmarks covary with intraordinal systematics. Another analysis used dental topographic metrics to test patterns of functional dental morphology and found that molar curvature, complexity, and relief were an effective means for examining patterns of variation in treeshrew dietary ecology. Here, we build on these analyses by adding two fossil taxa, Prodendrogale yunnanica Qiu, 1986 from the Miocene of China and Ptilocercus kylin Li and Ni, 2016 from the Oligocene of China. Our results show that Pr. yunnanica had a dental bauplan more like that of a tupaiid than that of a ptilocercid, but that the extant tupaiids, including Tupaia and Dendrogale, are more similar to one another in this regard than any are to Prodendrogale. This is contrary to our expectations as Prodendrogale is hypothesized to be most closely related to Dendrogale. Ptilocercus kylin, which has been proposed to be the sister taxon of Pt. lowii Gray, 1848, is characterized by dental morphology like that of Pt. lowii in crest and cuspal position but is interpreted to have been more frugivorous. It has been claimed that Ptilocercus has undergone little morphological change through time. Our results suggest that Pt. kylin was more ecologically distinct from Pt. lowii than previously proposed, providing a glimpse into a more complex evolutionary history of the group than had been inferred.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional visualization as a tool for interpreting locomotion strategies in ophiuroids from the Devonian Hunsrück Slate

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 201380
Author(s):  
E. G. Clark ◽  
J. R. Hutchinson ◽  
D. E. G. Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Lower Devonian ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Hunsrück Slate ◽  
Brittle Stars ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

Living brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) employ a very different locomotion strategy to that of any other metazoan: five or more arms coordinate powerful strides for rapid movement across the ocean floor. This mode of locomotion is reliant on the unique morphology and arrangement of multifaceted skeletal elements and associated muscles and other soft tissues. The skeleton of many Palaeozoic ophiuroids differs markedly from that in living forms, making it difficult to infer their mode of locomotion and, therefore, to resolve the evolutionary history of locomotion in the group. Here, we present three-dimensional digital renderings of specimens of six ophiuroid taxa from the Lower Devonian Hunsrück Slate: four displaying the arm structure typical of Palaeozoic taxa ( Encrinaster roemeri, Euzonosoma tischbeinianum, Loriolaster mirabilis, Cheiropteraster giganteus ) and two ( Furcaster palaeozoicus , Ophiurina lymani ) with morphologies more similar to those in living forms. The use of three-dimensional digital visualization allows the structure of the arms of specimens of these taxa to be visualized in situ in the round, to our knowledge for the first time. The lack of joint interfaces necessary for musculoskeletally-driven locomotion supports the interpretation that taxa with offset ambulacrals would not be able to conduct this form of locomotion, and probably used podial walking. This approach promises new insights into the phylogeny, functional morphology and ecological role of Palaeozoic brittle stars.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

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