Birds of a Feather, Do Sanctioned States Flock Together?

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan R Early
Keyword(s):  
Strong Support ◽  
Exploratory Analysis ◽  
Arms Sales ◽  
Resource Limitations ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Cooperative Strategies ◽  
Large N ◽  
Target States

Abstract Despite several high-profile cases of cooperation between sanctioned states, little is understood about how being sanctioned affects target states’ incentives to cooperate with one another and what forms that cooperation might take. I theorize that sanctioned states will tend to seek out sanctions-surviving assistance from nonsanctioned states in most cases. Being sanctioned constrains how much useful assistance that sanctioned states can provide to one another, as they suffer from similar trade constraints, levels of economic turmoil, and governmental resource limitations. I test my theory's predictions that sanctioned states are less likely to cooperate with one another via two different large-n tests involving cooperation via engaging in trade-based sanctions-busting and civil nuclear cooperation. Both of these distinct tests provide strong support for my theory. The final portion of the study conducts an exploratory analysis of why sanctioned states still sometimes cooperate with one another, finding that such cooperation may involve risky or taboo transactions, like arms sales, and that sanctioned parties have incentives to keep their cooperation a secret in such cases. These findings improve our understanding of the various cooperative strategies that states employ to survive sanctions.

The Emergence of Mafia-like Business Systems in China

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Meg Rithmire ◽  
Hao Chen
Keyword(s):  
Large Body ◽  
Moral Economy ◽  
The State ◽  
Business Systems ◽  
Business Elites ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Political Role ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Large N ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract A large body of literature on state–business relations in China has examined the political role of capitalists and collusion between the state and the private sector. This paper contributes to that literature and understanding of the internal differentiation among China's business elites by documenting the emergence of a particular kind of large, non-state business group that we argue is more akin to a mafia system than any standard definition of a firm. Drawing on large-N descriptive data as well as deep ethnographic and documentary research, we argue that mafia-like business systems share organizational principles (plunder and obfuscation) and means of growth and survival (relations of mutual endangerment and manipulation of the financial system). Understanding the particular moral economy that underlies mafia-like business systems and their interactions with the state challenges methodological foundations of research on China's political economy and helps to explain recent conflict between high-profile business people and the state.

The Strategic Use of Women Candidates in Post-Scandal Environments

2019 ◽  
pp. 62-94
Author(s):  
Melody E. Valdini
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Women Candidates ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Large N ◽  
Party Elites

Chapter 4 examines the inclusion calculations of party elites in the aftermath of a massive corruption scandal. It argues that party elites have an incentive to strategically increase the presence of women candidates in such an environment in order to associate themselves and their party with stereotypical feminine traits, but this incentive is not always enough to trigger inclusion. Case study analyses of Spain, Portugal, and Ireland are presented, with evidence that political parties in Spain and Portugal recruit and run more women candidates in high-profile positions after a massive scandal breaks but, due to the high “costs” of running women in the institutional environment of Ireland, this effect is not found there. Finally, the chapter presents a large-N regression analysis of legislative electoral results over a period of 20 years, with evidence that more women win legislative seats in the aftermath of a corruption scandal.

Assessing the Effectiveness of Business Support Services in England

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 557-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin F. Mole ◽  
Mark Hart ◽  
Stephen Roper ◽  
David S. Saal
Keyword(s):  
Small Firms ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Programme Theory ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Differential Outcomes ◽  
Business Support ◽  
Publicly Supported ◽  
Using Data

In England, publicly supported advice to small firms is organized primarily through the Business Link (BL) network. Using the programme theory underlying this business support, we develop four propositions and test these empirically using data from a new survey of over 3000 English SMEs. We find strong support for the value to BL operators of a high profile to boost take-up. We find support for the BL’s market segmentation that targets intensive assistance to younger firms and those with limited liability. Allowing for sample selection, we find no significant effects on growth from ‘other’ assistance but find a significant employment boost from intensive assistance. This partially supports the programme theory assertion that BL improves business growth and strongly supports the proposition that there are differential outcomes from intensive and other assistance. This suggests an improvement in the BL network, compared with earlier studies, notably Roper et al. (2001), Roper and Hart (2005).

scholarly journals Public support for different movements to reshape American policing is contingent on the perceived implications for crime and public safety

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paige Vaughn ◽  
Kyle Peyton ◽  
Gregory A Huber
Keyword(s):  
Social Services ◽  
Public Safety ◽  
Crime Control ◽  
Racial Bias ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Police Reform ◽  
The Public ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Mass Public

Recent high-profile cases of police violence against Black civilians have brought renewed attention to longstanding questions of racial bias and unfairness in American policing. Are contemporary movements to reform, defund, or abolish the police likely to succeed? Answering this question, in part, requires understanding how the mass public interprets these efforts, and what they believe each seeks to accomplish. This note presents novel survey and experimental evidence to inform theoretical and empirical research in this domain. We find strong support for police reform, but efforts to defund or abolish the police generate opposition both in terms of slogan (e.g., “defunding the police”) and substance (e.g., “reduce police budgets and reallocate funding to social services”). We do not find evidence that these differences can be explained by differing beliefs about each movement’s association with violent protest, racial makeup, or specific programmatic changes targeting police administration or officer behavior. Movements to defund and abolish the police are, however, perceived to seek reduced involvement of police in traditional crime control roles and cuts in police numbers. On average, the public opposes the former and is fearful of the latter. These findings suggest that public support for changes to American policing is contingent on the perceived implications for crime and public safety.

Computers and diffraction analysis

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 44-45
Author(s):  
J. A. Eades
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Diffraction Analysis ◽  
Electron Diffraction Analysis ◽  
Image Simulation ◽  
Correct Interpretation ◽  
High Profile ◽  
High Resolution Images ◽  
Image Simulations

For well over two decades computers have played an important role in electron microscopy; they now pervade the whole field - as indeed they do in so many other aspects of our lives. The initial use of computers was mainly for large (as it seemed then) off-line calculations for image simulations; for example, of dislocation images.Image simulation has continued to be one of the most notable uses of computers particularly since it is essential to the correct interpretation of high resolution images. In microanalysis, too, the computer has had a rather high profile. In this case because it has been a necessary part of the equipment delivered by manufacturers. By contrast the use of computers for electron diffraction analysis has been slow to prominence. This is not to say that there has been no activity, quite the contrary; however it has not had such a great impact on the field.

Amyloid β-peptide and Alzheimer's disease

2014 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 99-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Allsop ◽  
Jennifer Mayes
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Senile Plaques ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Amyloid Β Peptide ◽  
Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Aβ Amyloid ◽  
Amyloid Cascade

One of the hallmarks of AD (Alzheimer's disease) is the formation of senile plaques in the brain, which contain fibrils composed of Aβ (amyloid β-peptide). According to the ‘amyloid cascade’ hypothesis, the aggregation of Aβ initiates a sequence of events leading to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, neurodegeneration, and on to the main symptom of dementia. However, emphasis has now shifted away from fibrillar forms of Aβ and towards smaller and more soluble ‘oligomers’ as the main culprit in AD. The present chapter commences with a brief introduction to the disease and its current treatment, and then focuses on the formation of Aβ from the APP (amyloid precursor protein), the genetics of early-onset AD, which has provided strong support for the amyloid cascade hypothesis, and then on the development of new drugs aimed at reducing the load of cerebral Aβ, which is still the main hope for providing a more effective treatment for AD in the future.

Instrumental and Ideological Union Commitment: Longitudinal Assessment of Construct Validity

2001 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Sjöberg ◽  
Magnus Sverke
Keyword(s):  
Construct Validity ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Internal Consistency Reliability ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Longitudinal Assessment ◽  
Union Commitment ◽  
Union Participation

Summary: Previous research has identified instrumentality and ideology as important aspects of member attachment to labor unions. The present study evaluated the construct validity of a scale designed to reflect the two dimensions of instrumental and ideological union commitment using a sample of 1170 Swedish blue-collar union members. Longitudinal data were used to test seven propositions referring to the dimensionality, internal consistency reliability, and temporal stability of the scale as well as postulated group differences in union participation to which the scale should be sensitive. Support for the hypothesized factor structure of the scale and for adequate reliabilities of the dimensions was obtained and was also replicated 18 months later. Tests for equality of measurement model parameters and test-retest correlations indicated support for the temporal stability of the scale. In addition, the results were consistent with most of the predicted differences between groups characterized by different patterns of change/stability in union participation status. The study provides strong support for the construct validity of the scale and indicates that it can be used in future theory testing on instrumental and ideological union commitment.

The Time Course of the Aversive Conflict Signal

2015 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Fritz ◽  
Gesine Dreisbach
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Short Soas ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Presentation Time ◽  
Psychological Evidence ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Direct Investigation

The idea that conflicts are aversive signals recently has gained strong support by both physiological as well as psychological evidence. However, the time course of the aversive signal has not been subject to direct investigation. In the present study, participants had to judge the valence of neutral German words after being primed with conflict or non-conflict Stroop stimuli in three experiments with varying SOA (200 ms, 400 ms, 800 ms) and varying prime presentation time. Conflict priming effects (i.e., increased frequencies of negative judgments after conflict as compared to non-conflict primes) were found for SOAs of 200 ms and 400 ms, but absent (or even reversed) with a SOA of 800 ms. These results imply that the aversiveness of conflicts is evaluated automatically with short SOAs, but is actively counteracted with prolonged prime presentation.

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