scholarly journals Improved Equations for the Density Management Diagram Isolines of Ponderosa Pine Stands

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Woongsoon Jang ◽  
Martin W Ritchie ◽  
Jianwei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Stand Volume ◽  
Pine Stands

Abstract This study was conducted to improve estimation of concomitant variables for implementation of a stand density management diagram (SDMD) for ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) in northern California and Oregon. In traditional SDMD, isolines for variables such as stand volume are presented in such a way that uncertainty with estimation is not available. We developed the new top height and stand volume equations, as well as aboveground biomass and percent canopy cover, for building isolines in the SDMD using high-quality data collected from well-managed even-aged stands. The data were selected from the USDA Forest Service’s Pacific Southwest Research Station database. A total of 829 observations (from 113 plots across 15 sites in Oregon and California) were used for model construction. In addition, covariance-variance structures of all of the estimated parameters were provided so that users can evaluate the uncertainty associated with predictions. The model validation results indicated that the predictions made from fixed-effects model forms performed better than the current volume equation of SDMD, as well as those from mixed-effects model forms using the population average effect. The proposed equations provide enhanced predictions and additional useful information about managed ponderosa pine stands, including their uncertainty.

scholarly journals Stocking Control Procedures for Multiaged Ponderosa Pine Stands in the Inland Northwest

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin L. O'Hara ◽  
Narayanan I. Valappil ◽  
Linda M. Nagel
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Basic Unit ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Inland Northwest ◽  
Control Procedures ◽  
Pine Stands

Abstract Multi-aged management of forest stands in western North America is a viable option in many areas where traditional even-aged management is undesirable. Procedures for guiding stocking control for multi-aged ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) stands were developed using the PP-MASAM model (Ponderosa Pine–Multi-aged Stocking Assessment Model). These procedures allow the user to divide stands into components such as age classes or canopy strata that are the basic unit for growing space allocation. Growing space is represented by leaf area index. Stocking regimes are assessed over a single cutting cycle through projections of volume increment, stand density, and tree vigor. The approach is flexible for guiding stocking in ponderosa pine stands for diverse structural objectives including retention of ancient trees, development of presettlement structures, stands with two to four age classes, or stands with short or long cutting cycles. Example stocking regimes and internet links are provided to access the model. West. J. Appl. For. 18(1):5–14.

scholarly journals Production potential and structural variability of pine stands in the Czech Republic: Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) vs. introduced pines – case study and problem review

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 197-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vilém Podrázský ◽  
Zdeněk Vacek ◽  
Stanislav Vacek ◽  
Jan Vítámvás ◽  
Josef Gallo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Structural Variability ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pine Stands

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is one of the most important tree species in Eurasia. During the past centuries, it has been extensively introduced into artificial monocultures, but is currently experiencing a number of problems related to climate change and extreme droughts. There is a large-scale disintegration of its stands and, in addition to its replacement by other native trees, it is possible to use a wide range of introduced species of the same genus. The aim of the investigation was to compare production parameters, structure and diversity of pine stands at the age of 35 years in school Arboretum of Faculty of Forestry and Wood Science in Central Bohemia (320 m a.s.l., medium rich habitats, water deficit site). Seven species of pine were compared: ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex C. Hawson), Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi Balf.), black pine (Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold), eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.), Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas), Macedonian pine (Pinus peuce Griseb.) and the only native Scots pine. The results showed that significantly (P < 0.001) highest height, diameter at breast height and mean stem volume were achieved in Pinus ponderosa and P. strobus stands, while these parameters were lowest in P. peuce and P. nigra. In contrast, the lowest stand volume was calculated for P. strobus (112 m3·ha–1) due to the lower stand density, while the highest production was again in P. ponderosa (430 m3·ha–1). In terms of structural variability, the highest diversity was found in P. jeffreyi and P. peuce. The introduced pine species, especially P. ponderosa, could therefore play an important role in terms of production and economic potential and even replace native P. sylvestris on suitable sites.

Stand density, drought, and herbivory constrain ponderosa pine regeneration pulse

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 862-871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Kolb ◽  
Kelsey Flathers ◽  
John B. Bradford ◽  
Caitlin Andrews ◽  
Lance A. Asherin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Survival Duration ◽  
Northern Arizona ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Pine Regeneration ◽  
Stand Thinning ◽  
Survival And Growth

Trees in dry forests often regenerate in episodic pulses when wet periods coincide with ample seed production. Factors leading to success or failure of regeneration pulses are poorly understood. We investigated the impacts of stand thinning on survival and growth of the 2013 cohort of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex P. Lawson & C. Lawson) seedlings in northern Arizona, United States. We measured seedling survival and growth over the first five growing seasons after germination in six stand basal areas (BAs; 0, 7, 14, 23, 34, and 66 (unthinned) m2·ha−1) produced by long-term experimental thinnings. Five-year survival averaged 2.5% and varied among BAs. Mean survival duration was longer in intermediate BAs (11 to 16 months) than in clearings and high BAs (5 months). The BAs of 7, 14, and 23 m2·ha−1 had >2600 5-year-old seedlings·ha−1. In contrast, regeneration was lower in the clearing (666 seedlings·ha−1) and failed completely in the 34 m2·ha−1 and unthinned treatments. Seedling survival was highest during wet years and lowest during drought years. Many surviving seedlings had no net height growth between years 4 and 5 because of stem browsing. Results indicate that natural regeneration of ponderosa pine is influenced by stand BA, drought, herbivory, and interactions between extreme climatic events.

Fine root growth and mortality in different-aged ponderosa pine stands

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 1797-1806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris P. Andersen ◽  
Donald L. Phillips ◽  
Paul T. Rygiewicz ◽  
Marjorie J. Storm
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Standing Crop ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Pine Stands

Root minirhizotron tubes were installed at two sites around three different age classes of ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) to follow patterns of fine root (≤2 mm diameter) dynamics during a 4 year study. Both sites were old-growth forests until 1978, when one site was clear-cut and allowed to regenerate naturally. The other site had both intermediate-aged trees (50–60 years) and old-growth trees (>250 years old). Estimates of fine root standing crop were greatest around young trees and least around intermediate-aged trees. Root production was highly synchronized in all age classes, showing a single peak in late May – early June each year. Root production and mortality were proportional to standing root crop (biomass), suggesting that allocation to new root growth was proportional to root density regardless of tree age. The turnover index (mortality/maximum standing crop) varied from 0.62 to 0.89·year–1, indicating root life spans in excess of 1 year. It appears that young ponderosa pine stands have greater rates of fine root production than older stands but lose more fine roots each year through mortality. The results indicate that soil carbon may accumulate faster in younger than in older stands.

Thinning ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) stands reduces mortality while maintaining stand productivity

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianwei Zhang ◽  
Martin W. Ritchie ◽  
Douglas A. Maguire ◽  
William W. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Stand Productivity ◽  
Residual Variation

We analyzed 45 years of data collected from three ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex P. Lawson & C. Lawson) levels-of-growing-stock installations in Oregon (OR) and northern California (CA), USA, to determine the effect of stand density regimes on stand productivity and mortality. We found that periodic annual increment (PAI) of diameter, basal area (BA), volume, and aboveground dry mass were significantly related to stand density index (SDI) and stand age at start of the period; the quadratic trends varied among sites. Precipitation departure from the normal for each period explained a significant amount of residual variation in all PAI variables except diameter. BA production did not change significantly as SDI exceeded 270 trees·ha−1 at the OR sites and 320 trees·ha−1 at the CA site. Stand productivity was the highest at Elliot Ranch (CA) and the least at Blue Mountains (OR). A similar trend held in growth efficiency under lower stand densities (SDI < 600). Most of the mortality was caused by Dendroctonus bark beetles in stands that exceeded SDI of 500 trees·ha−1. Limiting SDI was about 900 trees·ha−1, although plots at Elliot Ranch reached much higher than that. The results demonstrate that silvicultural control of stand density can be a powerful tool for reducing bark beetle caused mortality without sacrificing stand productivity.

scholarly journals Model of mixed effects of height dependence on tree diameters in pine stands

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Н.Н. Дубенок ◽  
В.В. Кузьмичев ◽  
А.В. Лебедев
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Mixed Effects Model ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Permanent Sample Plots ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
The Relationship

Основными исходными данными для определения запаса служат результаты обмеров диаметров и высот деревьев. Но обмеры диаметров деревьев на высоте груди выполнить намного проще, чем обмеры высот, поэтому ограничиваются замерами высот 15–25 деревьев. Цель исследования – по материалам измерения модельных деревьев в сосновых древостоях выбрать наиболее адекватную простую модель, которая передает зависимость между высотой деревьев и диаметром на высоте груди. Объектом исследования послужили сосновые древостои искусственного происхождения на постоянных пробных площадях в Лесной опытной даче Российского государственного агарного университета – МСХА имени К.А. Тимирязева. В работе используются данные обмеров деревьев на 17 постоянных пробных площадях с 1934 по 2005 гг. Возраст древостоев на момент проведения измерений от 50 до 125 лет. По итогам проведения 77 перечетов массив данных составил 1157 наблюдений. И модель фиксированных эффектов, и модель смешанных эффектов адекватно описали зависимость между высотами и диаметрами деревьев в культурах сосны. Но, как и ожидалось, первая модель имеет худшие значения метрик качества по сравнению со второй. Модель со смешанными эффектами более точно предсказывает значения высот по сравнению с моделью фиксированных эффектов. Недостающие значения высот большого количества деревьев на участке можно вычислить более точно с помощью модели смешанных эффектов, а не применения модели фиксированных эффектов или использования только фиксированной части (средний отклик) модели смешанных эффектов. Применение разработанной модели должно ограничиваться только в тех условиях, к которым относятся экспериментальные материалы The main data for the stock of research results is the diameter of measurements and heights of trees. But measurements of the diameter at breast height are much easier to perform than measurements of heights, therefore, they are limited to measuring the heights of 15–25 trees. The aim of the study is to select the most adequate simple model based on the measurements of model trees in pine antiquities, which conveys the relationship between the height of trees and the diameter at breast height. The object of the study was pine stands of artificial origin on permanent test plots in the Forest Experimental Station Russian State Agararian University – Moscow Timiriazev Agricultural Academy. The work uses data from tree measurements on 17 permanent sample plots from 1934 to 2005. The age of the stands at the time of measurements was from 50 to 125 years. As a result of 77 enumerations, the data array amounted to 1157 observations. Both the fixed effects model and the mixed effects model adequately describe the relationship between heights and diameters of trees in pine stumps. But, as expected, the first model has worse quality metrics than the second. The mixed effects model more accurately predicts heights from the fixed effects model. The missing heights of a large number of trees on a site can be calculated accurately using mixed effects models, rather than using fixed effects models or using only a fixed portion (mean response) of the mixed effects model. The application of the developed model should be limited only in those conditions to which the experimental materials are applied.

Short-Term Impacts of Thinning Ponderosa Pine on Pandora Moth Densities, Pupal Weights, and Phenology

1995 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-94
Author(s):  
Darrell W. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Adult Density ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Insect Phenology ◽  
Foliage Weight

Abstract Second-growth ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) stands with outbreak populations of the pandora moth (Coloradia pandora) were thinned from below removing about half of the basal area. Thinning had no effect on pandora moth pupal density or weight, or emerging adult density in the following generation. However, adult emergence and egg hatch occurred 7-10 days earlier in thinned plots compared with unthinned plots. Egg and larval densities on a foliage weight basis were not significantly different between thinned and unthinned plots. Thinning stands infested with pandora moth will not significantly affect the course of an outbreak for at least one generation. Timing of direct controls for the pandora moth should consider the effect of stand density on insect phenology. West. J. Appl. For. 10(3):91-94.

Fuel loadings 5 years after a bark beetle outbreak in south-western USA ponderosa pine forests

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad M. Hoffman ◽  
Carolyn Hull Sieg ◽  
Joel D. McMillin ◽  
Peter Z. Fulé
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Pine Forests ◽  
Coniferous Forests ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Ponderosa Pine Forests ◽  
Canopy Fuels ◽  
Forest Conditions

Landscape-level bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) outbreaks occurred in Arizona ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Law.) forests from 2001 to 2003 in response to severe drought and suitable forest conditions. We quantified surface fuel loadings and depths, and calculated canopy fuels based on forest structure attributes in 60 plots established 5 years previously on five national forests. Half of the plots we sampled in 2007 had bark beetle-caused pine mortality and half did not have mortality. Adjusting for differences in pre-outbreak stand density, plots with mortality had higher surface fuel and lower canopy fuel loadings 5 years after the outbreak compared with plots without mortality. Total surface fuels averaged 2.5 times higher and calculated canopy fuels 2 times lower in plots with mortality. Nearly half of the trees killed in the bark beetle outbreak had fallen within 5 years, resulting in loadings of 1000-h woody fuels above recommended ranges for dry coniferous forests in 20% of the mortality plots. We expect 1000-h fuel loadings in other mortality plots to exceed recommended ranges as remaining snags fall to the ground. This study adds to previous work that documents the highly variable and complex effects of bark beetle outbreaks on fuel complexes.

Canopy characteristics and growth rates of ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir at long-established forest edges

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 2096-2105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey Sherich ◽  
Amy Pocewicz ◽  
Penelope Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Forest Edge ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Forest Edges ◽  
Sapwood Area

Trees respond to edge-to-interior microclimate differences in fragmented forests. To better understand tree physiological responses to fragmentation, we measured ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. & C. Laws) and Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco) leaf area, crown ratios, sapwood area, basal area (BA) growth rates, and BA growth efficiency at 23 long-established (>50 year) forest edges in northern Idaho. Trees located at forest edges had more leaf area, deeper crowns, higher BA growth rates, and more sapwood area at breast height than interior trees. Ponderosa pine had significantly higher BA growth efficiency at forest edges than interiors, but Douglas-fir BA growth efficiency did not differ, which may relate to differences in photosynthetic capacity and drought and shade tolerance. Edge orientation affected BA growth efficiency, with higher values at northeast-facing edges for both species. Edge effects were significant even after accounting for variation in stand density, which did not differ between the forest edge and interior. Although edge trees had significantly greater canopy depth on their edge-facing than forest-facing side, sapwood area was evenly distributed. We found no evidence that growing conditions at the forest edge were currently subjecting trees to stress, but higher leaf area and deeper crowns could result in lower tolerance to future drought conditions.

The effects of dwarf mistletoe, witches' brooms, stand structure, and site characteristics on the crown architecture of lodgepole pine in Oregon

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 1360-1371 ◽  
Author(s):  
R C Godfree ◽  
R O Tinnin ◽  
R B Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Dwarf Mistletoe ◽  
Site Characteristics ◽  
Crown Dimensions

We investigated the importance of lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium americanum Nutt.) in determining the height to crown top (HCT), height to crown base (HCB), and live crown ratio (LCR) of 2025 lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. murrayana (Grev. & Balf.) Engelm.) growing over a 24-km2 study site in central Oregon. We compared the effects of infection and associated witches' brooms with those of site topography, soil type, shrub cover, stand density, and the abundance of mature ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. Laws. & C. Laws). using multiple regression and path analysis. The density of dominant-size P. contorta was consistently the most important factor influencing HCT, HCB, and LCR across the study site. In dense stands, trees tended to have elevated crown bases due to self-pruning and, hence, lower values of LCR. Dwarf mistletoe and related witches' brooms uniquely explained 6.9% of the variance in LCR, which was close to that of dominant P. contorta (7.1%) and more than that of soil type (3.0%), but explained only 2.6% of the variance in HCB, which was less than that of dominant P. contorta (6.5%) and soil type (4.6%). Regression models suggest that heavily infected trees should be 18% shorter and have crown bases 37% lower than uninfected trees, while moderately infected trees should have an LCR over 20% larger than that of uninfected and heavily infected trees. We also found that the largest 25 heavily infected trees sampled were approximately 19% shorter and 11–13% smaller in diameter than the largest 25 uninfected trees. The results suggest that dwarf mistletoe can be an important factor in determining the crown dimensions of P. contorta but that these effects may be interpreted only in the context of site characteristics and stand structure.

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