Producer Behavior and Technology in the Pulp and Paper Industries of the United States and Canada: A Nonparametric Analysis

1995 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiing-Shyang Hseu ◽  
Joseph Buongiorno
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Nonparametric Analysis ◽  
Pulp And Paper Industries

Productivity in the pulp and paper industries of the United States and Canada: a nonparametric analysis

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
pp. 2353-2361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiing-Shyang Hseu ◽  
Joseph Buongiorno
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Total Factor Productivity ◽  
Production Function ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Distance Functions ◽  
Theil Index ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
Pulp And Paper Industries

Partial and total measures of factor productivity are presented for the pulp and paper industries of the United States and Canada, from 1959 to 1987. Total factor productivity was measured with (1) a Tornqvist–Theil index, (2) a nonparametric index with translating hypothesis, and (3) a nonparametric index with distance functions. Method 1 implied a constant return to scale translog production function. Methods 2 and 3 removed any assumption on the functional form of the production function. Furthermore, method 3 allowed for fully disaggregated outputs. Methods 1 and 3 gave similar results within countries: an increase in total factor productivity of 0.7% per year in the United States and of 0.5% per year in Canada. Method 2 gave rates of growth of total factor productivity that were twice as high, but unreliable because of the assumptions of the method. From 1961 to 1984, when comparable data are available, methods 1 and 3 gave growth rates of total factor productivity that were significantly higher, statistically, in the United States than in Canada. Nevertheless, the differences seem to be too small to be of economic significance.

Environmental Protection in the United States Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Industry: An Overview of Regulation of Wastewater Under the U.S. Clean Water Act

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca W. Hanmer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Clean Water Act ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Pulp Paper

The pulp, paper, and paperboard industry in the United States is the larqest industrial user of water with half of the facilities discharging wastewater directly to our Nation's waters. The major pollutants of concern have historically been the conventional pollutants: biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total suspended solids (TSS), and pH. Biological treatment systems are currently employed to reduce these pollutants. Sludges generated by these treatment systems have been categorized as nonhazardous and are generally landfilled. Under the Clean Water Act, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has promulgated all the reguired regulations for this industry. The national regulations are applied to individual pulp and paper mills through permits issued by EPA Regional or State staff. Permit limits can be written that are more restrictive than the national regulations to protect local water guality. In its current projects concerning the pulp and paper industry, EPA is focusing on the reduction of toxic pollutants. The Agency is conducting a joint EPA/industry program to study dioxin discharges at bleached kraft mills. The Agency will also undertake a comprehensive review of the pulp and paper regulations in 1988.

Comparison of cooking technologies for production of softwood kraftliner pulp

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
STEFAN ANTONSSON ◽  
ANDERS HJORT
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Energy Absorption ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper Industry ◽  
The United States ◽  
Kappa Number ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Corrugated Board ◽  
Increased Strength

Kraftliner, used as the top and bottom layers in corrugated board, is one of the major paper products in the United States and worldwide and is a long-term growth business area for the pulp and paper industry. However, for many years pulping development for kraftliner has been limited. The lack of development may be because corrugated board standards in many countries have specified basis weight and not strength demands on the corrugated board. With the modifications of Item 222/Rule 41, the situation in the United States has changed. Recently, a new cooking technology has been developed enabling defibration of softwood pulps at considerably higher kappa number with low reject content. Pulp quality as a function of kappa number has been evaluated for this new cooking technology compared to pulp produced using a conventional kraftliner cooking technology. Lower H-factor demands and increased strength, measured as tensile energy absorption, were the most important differences found between the two cooking systems in this study.

An Assessment of Gasification-Based Biorefining at Kraft Pulp and Paper Mills in the United States, Part B: Results

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERIC D. LARSON ◽  
STEFANO CONSONNI ◽  
RYAN E. KATOFSKY ◽  
KRISTIINA IISA ◽  
W. JAMES FREDERICK, JR.
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Air Emissions ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mills ◽  
Paper Mills

Commercialization of black liquor and biomass gasification technologies is anticipated in the 2010–2015 timeframe, and synthesis gas from gasifiers can be converted into liquid fuels using catalytic synthesis technol-ogies that are already commercially established today in the gas-to-liquids or coal-to-liquids industries. This set of two papers describes key results from a major assessment of the prospective energy, environmental, and financial performance of commercial gasification-based biorefineries integrated with kraft pulp and paper mills. Seven detailed biorefinery designs were developed for a reference mill in the southeastern United States, together with the associated mass/energy balances, air emissions estimates, and capital investment requirements. The biorefineries provide chemical recovery services and co-produce process steam for the mill, some electricity, and one of three liq-uid fuels: a Fischer-Tropsch synthetic crude oil (which could be refined to vehicle fuels at an existing petroleum refin-ery), dimethyl ether (a diesel engine fuel or propane substitute), or an ethanol-rich mixed-alcohol product. Compared with installing new Tomlinson power/recovery systems, biorefineries would require more capital investment and greater purchases of woody residues for energy use. However, because biorefineries would be more efficient, have lower air emissions, and produce a more diverse product slate, for nearly all cases examined, the internal rate of return (IRR) on the incremental capital investment lies between 14% and 18%, assuming a $50/bbl world oil price. The IRRs would more than double if plausible federal and state financial incentives were captured. Industry-wide adoption of such biorefining in the United States would provide significant energy and environmental benefits to the country.

Ovarian Cancer Incidence in the United States in Relation to Manufacturing Industry

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary G. Schwartz ◽  
Abe E. Sahmoun
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
The United States ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Paper Manufacturing ◽  
Cancer Incidence Rates

ObjectiveOvarian cancer is primarily a disease of the industrialized world. However, few factors associated with industrialization that contribute to the etiology of ovarian cancer have been identified. We sought to explore factors potentially associated with ovarian cancer by correlating ovarian cancer incidence rates in US states with the distribution of US manufacturing.MethodsData on age-adjusted incidence rates for ovarian cancer per state in the United States and manufacturing rates per state were analyzed using multiple linear regression controlling for access to ovarian cancer care, fertility rate, and other potential confounders.ResultsIn univariate analyses, ovarian cancer incidence rates were positively correlated with the extent of manufacturing, with dairy production, and with the manufacturing of pulp and paper. Using multiple linear regression, only the correlation of ovarian cancer with pulp and paper manufacturing industry was significant. The correlation of ovarian cancer with pulp and paper manufacturing industry remained significant after adjusting for access to ovarian cancer care, fertility rates, and other potential confounders (P< 0.05).ConclusionsPulp and paper mills are associated with exposures to known ovarian carcinogens. Further epidemiological study of exposures involved in the manufacturing of pulp and paper in relation to risk of ovarian cancer is warranted.

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