scholarly journals Effects of root competition on development of chestnut and oak regeneration following midstory removal

2014 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 562-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Brown ◽  
B. G. Bailey ◽  
M. R. Saunders ◽  
D. F. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Root Competition ◽  
Oak Regeneration ◽  
Midstory Removal

scholarly journals No neighbour-induced increase in root growth of soybean and sunflower in mesh divider experiments after controlling for nutrient concentration and soil volume

AoB Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin J W Chen ◽  
Li Huang ◽  
Heinjo J During ◽  
Xinyu Wang ◽  
Jiahe Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Ideal Free Distribution ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Root Competition ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Promising Solution ◽  
Soil Volume ◽  
Ideal Free

Abstract Root competition is a key factor determining plant performance, community structure and ecosystem productivity. To adequately estimate the extent of root proliferation of plants in response to neighbours independently of nutrient availability, one should use a setup that can simultaneously control for both nutrient concentration and soil volume at plant individual level. With a mesh-divider design, which was suggested as a promising solution for this problem, we conducted two intraspecific root competition experiments one with soybean (Glycine max) and the other with sunflower (Helianthus annuus). We found no response of root growth or biomass allocation to intraspecific neighbours, i.e. an ‘ideal free distribution’ (IDF) norm, in soybean; and even a reduced growth as a negative response in sunflower. These responses are all inconsistent with the hypothesis that plants should produce more roots even at the expense of reduced fitness in response to neighbours, i.e. root over-proliferation. Our results suggest that neighbour-induced root over-proliferation is not a ubiquitous feature in plants. By integrating the findings with results from other soybean studies, we conclude that for some species this response could be a genotype-dependent response as a result of natural or artificial selection, or a context-dependent response so that plants can switch from root over-proliferation to IDF depending on the environment of competition. We also critically discuss whether the mesh-driver design is the ideal solution for root competition experiments.

scholarly journals Artificial Regeneration of Major Oak (Quercus) Species in the Eastern United States—A Review of the Literature

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel C. Dey ◽  
Douglass Jacobs ◽  
Ken McNabb ◽  
Gary Miller ◽  
V. Baldwin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Oak Regeneration ◽  
Artificial Regeneration ◽  
Quercus Species ◽  
Physiological Quality ◽  
Oak Tree ◽  
Guidelines And Recommendations

Abstract Although natural regeneration is often the best method for establishing new oak (Quercus spp.) stands, there are increasingly more situations in which high potential for oak regeneration failure dictates the use of artificial regeneration including direct seeding and planting seedlings. Additionally, afforestation planting programs frequently incorporate oak species. Artificial regeneration of oak stands is challenging for numerous reasons. In this article we synthesize the current state of knowledge regarding growing and planting the major oak species in the eastern United States, point out critical research gaps, and provide some general growing, planting, and stand tending guidelines and recommendations. Adequate site preparation, careful planting of healthy, genetically adapted seed or seedlings of high morphological and physiological quality, and subsequent control of competing vegetation and browse damage are necessary actions to assure regeneration success. Oak seedling survival in the early years after planting or seeding is a poor indicator of regeneration success. Successful regeneration may be defined as having a desired proportion of the oak planting stock reach dominant/codominant status in the stand. The costs of all activities required to produce a successful oak tree in the future stand should be considered in economic comparison of alternative prescriptions for oak regeneration.

A study of root and shoot interactions between cereals and peas in mixtures

1993 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Tofinga ◽  
R. Paolini ◽  
R. W. Snaydon
Keyword(s):  
Relative Yield ◽  
Root Competition ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
N Content ◽  
Total N ◽  
Resource Complementarity ◽  
Relative Yield Total ◽  
Shoot Competition ◽  
Competitive Abilities ◽  
Different Sources

SUMMARYWheat, barley and two morphologically contrasting cultivars of peas (leafy and semi-leafless) were grown in pure stands, at standard agricultural densities, and in additive mixtures of cereals with peas. The stands were grown in boxes in the field, and partitions were used to separate the effects of root and shoot interactions. The cereals and peas were either planted at the same time, or one species was planted 10 days before the other. The origin of the N present in each species was determined by applying N fertilizer labelled with 15N.Both cultivars of peas had greater shoot and root competitive abilities than wheat or barley, probably because of their larger seed size; leafy peas had greater shoot and root competitive abilities than semi-leafless peas. Sowing peas after cereals reduced their competitive ability.The relative yield total (RYT) of cereal-pea mixtures, based on total biomass, averaged 1·6 when only the root systems interacted, and 1·4 when only the shoot systems interacted, but did not differ significantly from 10 when both root and shoot systems interacted. RYT values were greater when peas were grown with wheat, rather than with barley, and when peas were sown at the same time as the cereals.Shoot competition from peas increased the N% of cereals, but substantially reduced their total N content, because biomass yield was reduced. Shoot competition from cereals had no effect on the N% of peas, and only slightly reduced their total N content. Shoot competition between cereals and peas had no significant effect upon the proportion of N derived from various sources by either cereals or peas.Root competition from peas significantly reduced both the N% and total N content of cereals. Root competition from cereals had little effect on the N% of peas, but significantly reduced their total N content and increased the proportion of N derived from rhizobial fixation from 76 to 94%. Since cereals and peas largely used different sources of N, resource complementarity for N was probably an important component of intercropping advantage, when the roots of cereals and peas shared soil resources.

Experimental evidence for root competition effects on community evenness in one of two phytometer species

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Weiss ◽  
Linda Schalow ◽  
Florian Jeltsch ◽  
Katja Geissler
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Root Competition ◽  
Competition Effects ◽  
Community Evenness

Phylogenetic patterns of tragedy of commons in intraspecific root competition

2017 ◽  
Vol 417 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 87-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Smyčka ◽  
Tomáš Herben
Keyword(s):  
Root Competition

Root Competition for Water between Trees and Grass in a Silvopastoral Plot of 10 Year Old Prunus avium

2007 ◽  
pp. 253-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Balandier ◽  
François-Xavier de Montard ◽  
Thomas Curt
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Root Competition

scholarly journals Increasing plant group productivity through latent genetic variation for cooperation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel E. Wuest ◽  
Nuno D. Pires ◽  
Shan Luo ◽  
Francois Vasseur ◽  
Julie Messier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Group Testing ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Root Competition ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Pleiotropic Gene ◽  
Selective Forces ◽  
Future Demands ◽  
The Individual

AbstractTechnologies for crop breeding have become increasingly sophisticated, yet it remains unclear whether these advances are sufficient to meet future demands. A major challenge with current crop selection regimes is that they are often based on individual performance. This tends to select for plants with “selfish” traits, which leads to a yield loss when they compete in high-density stands. In traditional breeding, this well-known “tragedy of the commons” has been addressed by anticipating ideotypes with presumably preferential characteristics. However, this approach is limited to obvious architectural and physiological traits, and it depends on a mechanistic understanding of how these modulate growth and competition. Here, we developed a general and simple method for the discovery of alleles promoting cooperation of plants in stands; it is based on the game-theoretical premise that alleles increasing cooperation incur a cost to the individual but benefit the monoculture group. Testing the approach using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, we found a single major effect locus where the rarer allele was associated with increased levels of cooperation and superior monoculture productivity. We show that the allele likely affects a pleiotropic regulator of growth and defense, since it is also associated with reduced root competition but higher race-specific resistance against a specialized parasite. Even though cooperation is considered evolutionarily unstable, conflicting selective forces acting on a pleiotropic gene might thus maintain latent genetic variation for it in nature. Such variation, once identified in a crop, could be rapidly leveraged in modern breeding programs and provide efficient routes to increase yields.

scholarly journals Oak regeneration at the arid boundary of the temperate deciduous forest biome: insights from a seeding and watering experiment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
László Erdős ◽  
Katalin Szitár ◽  
Kinga Öllerer ◽  
Gábor Ónodi ◽  
Miklós Kertész ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Deciduous Forests ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Light Limitation ◽  
Pedunculate Oak ◽  
Forest Edges ◽  
Oak Regeneration ◽  
Temperate Deciduous ◽  
Forest Biome

AbstractTemperate deciduous forests dominated by oaks cover extensive areas in European lowlands. These ecosystems have been under intense anthropogenic use for millennia, thus their natural dynamics, and their regeneration in particular, is still not well understood. Previous studies found that pedunculate oak (Quercus robur), one of the most widespread and abundant species in European deciduous forests, regenerates in open habitats and forest edges, but not in closed forest interiors. However, these observations usually come from the core areas of the biome, and much less is known about such processes at its arid boundary, where limiting factors may be different, and climate change may first exert its effects.In a full factorial field experiment, we tested the effects of different habitats and increased growing season precipitation on the early regeneration of pedunculate oak in a forest-steppe ecosystem in Central Hungary, at the arid boundary of temperate deciduous forests. We planted acorns into three neighbouring habitats (grassland, forest edge, forest interior) and studied seedling emergence and plant performance under ambient weather and additional watering for four years.In the grassland habitat, seedling emergence was very low, and no seedlings survived by the fourth year. In contrast, seedling emergence was high and similar at forest edges and forest interiors, and was not affected by water addition. Most seedlings survived until the fourth year, with no difference between forest edge and forest interior habitats in numbers, and only minor or transient differences in size (leaf number, height).The lack of oak regeneration in the grassland contradicts previous reports on successful oak regeneration in open habitats, and may be related to a shift from light limitation to other limiting factors, such as moisture or microclimatic extremes, when moving away from the core of the deciduous forest biome towards its arid boundary. The similar number and performance of seedlings in forest edges and forest interiors may also be related to the decreasing importance of light limitation. The above-average precipitation in the year of seedling emergence (2016) might be a reason why watering had no effect on oak regeneration.Overall, our results highlight that oak regeneration and thus forest dynamics may be limited by different factors at a biome boundary compared to its core areas. Indeed, this very simple mechanism (inability of oak regeneration in grassland habitats) may contribute to the opening up of the closed forest biome, and the emergence of a biome transition zone.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the corridor method for oak (Quercus sp.) cultivation using research objects in the Mircze and Kościan Forest Districts as an example

2018 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-35
Author(s):  
Rafał Paluch ◽  
Wojciech Gil
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Oak Regeneration ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Good Production ◽  
Corridor Method ◽  
Research Objects ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
Very High

Abstract The corridor method of oak (Quercus sp) cultivation is an old, forgotten silvicultural method. It was developed around the turn of the 19th and 20th century on the south-eastern borders of Poland (Podole, Wołyń) and Russia and made use of other species such as hornbeam, linden and birch as a cover for oak, which is a tree species sensitive to frosts. The nowadays recurring phenomenon of oak disease initiated a search for silvicultural alternatives and thus the usefulness of reviving the corridor method for oak regeneration was investigated by examining existing tree stands established in this way. Our research plots were located in five young stands and two in mature as well as old stands. In the stands of the 2nd and 3rd age classes, the density of oaks was observed to be 1500–3500/ha, which accounted for 30–50%. The density of oak in old stands (7th age class) was similar to model-predicted values. Furthermore, the corridor method gave very good production results as exemplified by the oak stands growing on the fresh broadleaved site, which had a very high stand quality index. In addition, the species composition was observed to diversify throughout these oak stands’ development, thus supporting arguments for the conservation and preservation of oak-hornbeam forests. To summarise, the prerequisites for the success of the corridor method are systematic cuts of young stands (forest cultures and thickets) to inhibit the growth of accompanying undesired species and limiting the number of grazing animals.

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