scholarly journals Review of the direct and indirect effects of warming and drought on scale insect pests of forest systems

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven D Frank
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Tree Quality

Abstract Higher temperatures and drought are key aspects of global change with the potential to alter the distribution and severity of many arthropod pests in forest systems. Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) infest many tree species and are among the most important pests of trees in urban and rural forests, plantations and other forest systems. Infestations of native or exotic scale insects can kill or sicken trees with economic and ecosystem-wide consequences. Warming can have direct effects on the life history, fitness and population dynamics of many scale insect species by increasing development rate, survival or fecundity. These direct benefits can increase the geographic distribution of scale insects and their consequences for tree health. Warming and drought can affect scale insects indirectly by altering the quality of their host trees. Additive or interactive effects of warming and drought can change tree quality in such a way that it increases scale insect fitness and population growth. However, the effects are species- and context-dependent with some scale insect species negatively affected by drought-induced changes in tree quality. Warming and drought are often coincident in urban forests and predicted to co-occur in many parts of the world under climate change scenarios. The individual and interactive effects of these factors require further research to inform predictions and management of scale insect pests. Warming also indirectly affects scale insects by altering interactions with natural enemies. This includes changes in natural enemy phenology, community composition and abundance. In addition, warming can alter scale insect phenology or voltinism causing asynchrony with natural enemies or population growth too rapid for natural enemies to suppress. Direct and indirect effects of warming and drought on scale insects can increase the potential for some exotic species to become established and for some native species to become invasive. Unfortunately, much research on scale insects is confined to a few particularly important native or exotic pests which limits our ability to predict the effects of warming on many current or potential pests. More research is required to understand how warming and drought affect scale insects, scale insect management and the forest systems they inhabit.

scholarly journals Scale insect species (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) and their natural enemies, recorded on agricultural, ornamental and forest plant species in the wider area of Messenian Province (Peloponnese, Greece), 2000 – 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-64
Author(s):  
G.J. Stathas ◽  
E.D. Kartsonas ◽  
A.I. Darras ◽  
P.J. Skouras
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Aonidiella Aurantii ◽  
Phenacoccus Madeirensis ◽  
Forest Plant Species ◽  
Chrysomphalus Aonidum ◽  
Protopulvinaria Pyriformis

Summary The scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) recorded on agricultural, ornamental and forest plant species in the wider area of Messenian Province (Peloponnese, Greece) during the years 2000 – 2020 are reviewed. Twenty species were recorded, which belong to four families: Diaspididae: Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.), Diaspis echinocacti (Bouché), Dynaspidiotus abieticola (Koroneos), D. abietis (Schrank), Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman), L. gloverii (Packard), Lineaspis striata (Newstead), Targionia vitis (Signoret); Coccidae: Ceroplastes rusci (L.), Eulecanium sericeum (Lindinger), Nemolecanium graniformis (Wünn), Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché), P. persicae (Fabricius), Physokermes hemicryphus (Dalman), P. inopinatus Danzig and Kozár, Protopulvinaria pyriformis (Cockerell); Pseudococcidae: Phenacoccus madeirensis Green, Planococcus vovae (Nasonov) and Kermesidae: Kermes echinatus Balachowsky. The biology, phenology and natural enemies in Messenia are discussed for fifteen of these scale species.

scholarly journals Non-indigenous scale insects on ornamental plants in Bulgaria and China: A survey

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 114 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Trencheva ◽  
G. Trenchev ◽  
R. Tomov ◽  
S.-A. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
First Report ◽  
The Family

A preliminary list of non-indigenous scale insect species on ornamental plants in Bulgaria and China is presented. The sampling was done between April and November, 2009, in the framework of the project “Invasive scale insects on ornamental plants in Bulgaria and China”. The insects were collected in nurseries, parks, gardens, botanical collections and greenhouses. Representatives from four families have been identified in Bulgaria, the most numerous of which are the Diaspididae (eight species), Coccidae (four species), Pseudococcidae (two species) and Margarodidae (one species). Three species of non-indigenous scale insects associated with ornamental plants were collected in China, all belonging to the family Pseudococcidae. A list of alien scale insect species on ornamental plants is given, including the sampling sites, host plants on which they were found, origin and first report in both countries.

scholarly journals Co-adjustment of yolk antioxidants and androgens in birds

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 20160676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Giraudeau ◽  
Simon Ducatez
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Egg Components

Mothers can shape the developmental trajectory of their offspring through the transmission of resources such as hormones, antioxidants or immunoglobulins. Over the last two decades, an abundant literature on maternal effects in birds has shown that several of these compounds (i.e. androgens, glucocorticoids and antioxidants) often influence the same offspring phenotypic traits (i.e. growth, immunity or oxidative stress levels), making interaction effects between egg components a likely scenario. However, the potential interactive effects of maternally transmitted compounds on offspring development and potential co-adjustment of these compounds within an egg are still poorly understood. Here, we report the results of an interspecific comparative analysis on birds' egg yolk composition (i.e. androgens and antioxidants) where we found that yolk carotenoid and vitamin E concentrations are positively associated, supporting the hypothesis that these two antioxidants act in synergy. The concentrations of vitamin E also increased with increasing concentrations of testosterone. This last result confirms the emerging idea that androgens and antioxidants are co-adjusted within eggs and that maternally transmitted antioxidants might limit the potential direct and indirect effects of prenatal exposure to high testosterone levels on oxidative stress.

scholarly journals Dwarf Mistletoe Infection Interacts with Tree Growth Rate to Produce Opposing Direct and Indirect Effects on Resin Duct Defenses in Lodgepole Pine

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Ferrenberg
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Annual Ring ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Dwarf Mistletoe ◽  
Resin Ducts ◽  
Resin Duct

Research Highlights: I sought to disentangle the influences of tree age, growth rate, and dwarf mistletoe infection on resin duct defenses in lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon, revealing the presence of direct positive and indirect negative effects of mistletoe on defenses. Background and Objectives: For protection against natural enemies, pines produce and store oleoresin (resin) in ‘resin ducts’ that occur throughout the tree. Dwarf mistletoe, Arceuthobium americanum Nutt. ex Engelm. (hereafter “mistletoe”), is a widespread parasitic plant affecting the pines of western North America. Infection by mistletoe can suppress pine growth and increase the probability of insect attack—possibly due to a reduction in resin duct defenses or in the potency of chemical defenses at higher levels of mistletoe infection, as reported in Pinus banksiana Lamb. However, the influence of mistletoe infection on defenses in other pine species remains unclear. I hypothesized that mistletoe infection would induce greater resin duct defenses in P. contorta while simultaneously suppressing annual growth, which was expected to reduce defenses. Materials and Methods: Using increment cores from P. contorta trees occurring in a subalpine forest of Colorado, USA, I quantified tree age, annual growth, annual resin duct production (#/annual ring), and cross-sectional area (mm2 of resin ducts/annual ring). Results: Mistletoe infection increased with tree age and had a direct positive relationship with resin duct defenses. However, mistletoe infection also had an indirect negative influence on defenses via the suppression of annual growth. Conclusions: Through the combined direct and indirect effects, mistletoe infection had a net positive impact on resin duct production but a net negative impact on the total resin duct area. This finding highlights the complexity of pine defense responses to natural enemies and that future work is needed to understand how these responses influence overall levels of resistance and the risk of mortality.

scholarly journals The relative importance of direct and indirect effects of hunting mortality on the population dynamics of brown bears

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1798) ◽  
pp. 20141840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacinthe Gosselin ◽  
Andreas Zedrosser ◽  
Jon E. Swenson ◽  
Fanie Pelletier
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Ursus Arctos ◽  
Brown Bear ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Hunting Pressure ◽  
Demographic Rates

There is increasing evidence of indirect effects of hunting on populations. In species with sexually selected infanticide (SSI), hunting may decrease juvenile survival by increasing male turnover. We aimed to evaluate the relative importance of direct and indirect effects of hunting via SSI on the population dynamics of the Scandinavian brown bear ( Ursus arctos ). We performed prospective and retrospective demographic perturbation analyses for periods with low and high hunting pressures. All demographic rates, except yearling survival, were lower under high hunting pressure, which led to a decline in population growth under high hunting pressure ( λ = 0.975; 95% CI = 0.914–1.011). Hunting had negative indirect effects on the population through an increase in SSI, which lowered cub survival and possibly also fecundity rates. Our study suggests that SSI could explain 13.6% of the variation in population growth. Hunting also affected the relative importance of survival and fecundity of adult females for population growth, with fecundity being more important under low hunting pressure and survival more important under high hunting pressure. Our study sheds light on the importance of direct and indirect effects of hunting on population dynamics, and supports the contention that hunting can have indirect negative effects on populations through SSI.

scholarly journals New scale insects (Homoptera: Coccinea) from the Cape Floristic Region

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilya A. Gavrilov-Zimin ◽  
Philipp E. Chetverikov
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Cape Floristic Region ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
Western Cape Province ◽  
The Family

Three new scale insect species, Coccidohystrix daedalea Gavrilov-Zimin sp. nov., Mirococcopsis ptilura Gavrilov-Zimin sp. nov. (both from the family Pseudococcidae) and Cryptinglisia millari Gavrilov-Zimin sp. nov. (family Coccidae), are described and illustrated from the Western Cape Province of South Africa.

scholarly journals Allelopathic interactions between the macrophyte Egeria densa and plankton (alga, Scenedesmus acutus and cladocerans, Simocephalus spp.): a laboratory study

2016 ◽  
Vol 75 (s1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristian A. Espinosa-Rodríguez ◽  
Ligia Rivera-De la Parra ◽  
Aurora Martínez-Téllez ◽  
Gisela C. Gómez-Cabral ◽  
S.S.S. Sarma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Conditioned Medium ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Egeria Densa ◽  
Scenedesmus Acutus ◽  
Cladoceran Species ◽  
Allelopathic Interactions

<p>Allelopathic interactions between macrophytes and zooplankton are important to understand the plankton dynamics in shallow waterbodies. <em>Egeria densa</em> is a native, perennial, submerged macrophyte in the tropical and subtropical zones of South America. It has been introduced to Central and North America and is now common in many Mexican lakes. This macrophyte produces chemical substances that negatively affect some phytoplankton species. However, it is not clear how zooplankton species adapt different life history strategies in the chemical presence of this macrophyte. Here, we tested the direct and indirect effects of allelochemicals released by <em>E. densa</em> on the population growth of <em>Scenedesmus acutus</em> and on the demographic variables of three species of <em>Simocephalus</em>, <em>S. exspinosus</em>, <em>S. serrulatus</em> and <em>S. mixtus</em> (via alga exposed to the macrophyte allelochemicals). To quantify the effect of <em>E. densa</em> on <em>S. acutus</em> we set up four treatments: control, artificial <em>Egeria</em>, natural <em>Egeria</em> and allelochemicals from <em>Egeria</em>. To test the allelochemical effects on <em>Simocephalus</em> species, we compared four treatments: Control, indirect effect (using <em>S. acutus</em> grown on <em>Egeria</em>-allelochemicals), direct effect (using <em>Egeria</em>-conditioned medium) and together with both these kinds of direct and indirect effects. <em>Scenedesmus </em>had the highest cell density in the presence of allelochemicals from <em>Egeria</em>, followed by controls. The specific algal growth rate (µ) between control and allelochemicals treatment was not significant (P&lt;0.05). However, the µ of alga in the presence of artificial or natural <em>Egeria</em> was significantly lower than controls or in treatment involving allelochemicals. The age-specific survivorship of the three cladoceran species was longer in treatments containing <em>Egeria</em>-conditioned medium. Cladocerans receiving <em>Egeria</em> conditioned-medium and algae cultured on macrophyte-allelochemicals also had a longer survivorship. Daily fecundity of <em>S. serrulatus</em> increased after reaching mid-age while <em>S. expinosus </em>and <em>S. mixtus</em> showed continuous reproduction starting from the first week. In general, <em>Egeria</em>-allelochemicals enhanced the age-specific reproductive output for all the three cladoceran species. The average lifespan of the three <em>Simocephalus </em>varied from 17 to 46 days, depending on the cladoceran species and treatment. <em>S. serrulatus </em>had lower lifespan compared to other two cladoceran species. For the three species, lifespan significantly increased in treatments containing macrophyte-conditioned medium + algae grown on the plant-allelochemicals; also under these conditions, both gross and net reproductive rates were significantly enhanced. This stimulatory effect was also evident in generation time (about 50% higher). The rate of population increase ranged from 0.23 to 0.38 per day for the three tested <em>Simocephalus</em> species but there were no significant differences (P˃0.05) among treatments. Our results suggest that the biological activity as well as physical structure of <em>E. densa</em> had negative effects on <em>S. acutus</em> population growth but had stimulatory effects on the demography of <em>Simocephalus</em>. </p>

scholarly journals Coccidae, Pseudococcidae, Ortheziidae, and Monophlebidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espírito Santo, Brazil

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 61-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Paul Culik ◽  
David dos Santos Martins ◽  
José Aires Ventura ◽  
Ana Lúcia Benfatti Gonzalez Peronti ◽  
Penny Jean Gullan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
First Record ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Espírito Santo ◽  
Pseudococcus Longispinus ◽  
Coccus Viridis ◽  
Phenacoccus Madeirensis ◽  
Espirito Santo ◽  
First Time

New plant hosts are recorded for nine scale insect species recently collected in Espírito Santo, Brazil, and eleven scale insect species are recorded for the first time from the state: Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock, Coccus longulus (Douglas), Coccus viridis (Green), Eucalymnatus tesselatus (Signoret), Pseudokermes sp., Saissetia coffeae (Walker), Phenacoccus madeirensis Green, Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel & Miller, Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti), Icerya purchasi Maskell, and Icerya genistae Hempel. This is also the first record of Co. longulus in Brazil. Information on the host plants and geographic distribution of the 26 species of scale insects of the families Coccidae, Pseudococcidae, Ortheziidae, and Monophlebidae, currently known from Espírito Santo is provided.

scholarly journals VIRULENCE OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES TO THREE SOFT SCALE INSECT SPECIES

Redia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 104 ◽  
pp. 193-197
Author(s):  
NIKOLA GRUJIĆ ◽  
DRAGA GRAORA ◽  
BRANIMIR NJEŽIĆ ◽  
BORUT BOSANČIĆ ◽  
EUSTACHIO TARASCO
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Steinernema Feltiae ◽  
Native Strain ◽  
Soft Scale ◽  
Young Females ◽  
Potential Use

Virulence of commercial strains of entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser), Steinernema feltiae Filipjev and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae), were tested on young females of Pulvinaria hydrangeae Steinweden, Partenolecanium corni (Bouché) and Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana) (Hemiptera, Coccidae) and a native strain of H. bacteriophora was tested on citricola scale, C. pseudomagnoliarum. The laboratory tests were carried out in small plastic Petri dishes with infective juveniles (IJ) applied on filter paper covering the bottom. Results showed that all EPN tested were virulent to all three soft scale insect species. Recorded mortality of insects at the highest concentration of approximately 50 IJ per cm2 exceeded 64% in all combinations of nematode and scale species tested. Within the same nematode concentration, scales’ mortality of 90% and above was recorded for P. corni with all nematode species, P. hydrangeae with S. carpocapsae (Nemastar) and C. pseudomagnoliarum with native H. bacteriophora strain. All scale species were good hosts for all nematode species. This is the first report of EPNs to parasitize soft scale insects and one of the few among Coccoidea. The level of parasitism recorded is promising for potential use in management of scale insects.

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