scholarly journals Gestational Potential Space Hypothesis: Evolutionary Explanation of Human Females Body Fat Redistribution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Abrahim
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Intraabdominal Pressure ◽  
Phenotypic Change ◽  
Potential Space ◽  
Fetal Complications ◽  
Fat Redistribution ◽  
Alternative Hypotheses

Abstract Homo sapiens, as well as other primates, developed the evolutionary advantage of storing excess energy as body fat, primarily in the readily accessible visceral fat compartment when food is plentiful for use during scarcity. However, uniquely to female humans, a second transient dimorphic phenotypic change begins at menarche and is reversed by menopause. It is the diversion of visceral fat stores from the abdominal cavity to the gluteofemoral region. The evolutionary purpose for this remains unclear. The author proposes the gestational potential space (GPS) hypothesis: that such fat diversion is for the reproductive purpose of increasing the potential abdominal space available for gestation and reducing the intraabdominal pressure. This hypothesis is supported by the basic laws of physics and increased rates of maternal and fetal complications experienced by those with visceral adiposity. It is important that the GPS hypothesis and alternative hypotheses are tested by comparing the health (particularly reproductive) outcomes of women with varying fat distributions and their offspring. Lay summary The author proposes that fat shifting from the abdominal cavity to the hips and thighs in women, during the childbearing period, is for beneficial for reducing the intraabdominal contents consequently increasing pregnancy potential space. Secondarily, it prevents intraabdominal pressure elevation and reduces maternal and fetal complications associated with visceral fat in pregnancy.

Leptin: a significant indicator of total body fat but not of visceral fat and insulin insensitivity in African-American women

Diabetes ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 1635-1637 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Dua ◽  
M. I. Hennes ◽  
R. G. Hoffmann ◽  
D. L. Maas ◽  
G. R. Krakower ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
American Women ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Insulin Insensitivity

scholarly journals Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin as a Marker for Renal Dysfunction Detection in Critically Ill Patients with Increased Intraabdominal Pressure

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
Claudiu Puiac ◽  
Janos Szederjesi ◽  
Alexandra Lazăr ◽  
Codruța Bad ◽  
Lucian Pușcașiu
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Creatinine Clearance ◽  
Critically Ill ◽  
Critically Ill Patients ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Intraabdominal Pressure ◽  
Abdominal Pressure ◽  
Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin ◽  
Neutrophil Gelatinase

Abstract Introduction: Elevated intraabdominal pressure (IAP) it is known to have an impact on renal function trough the pressure transmitted from the abdominal cavity to the vasculature responsible for the renal blood flow. Intraabdominal pressure is found to be frequent in intensive care patients and also to be a predictor of mortality. Intra-abdominal high pressure is an entity that can have serious impact on intensive care admitted patients, studies concluding that if this condition progresses to abdominal compartment syndrome mortality is as high as 80%. Aim: The aim of this study was to observe if a link between increased intraabdominal pressure and modification in renal function exists (NGAL, creatinine clearance). Material and Method: The study enrolled 30 critically ill patients admitted in the Intensive Care Unit of SCJU Tîrgu Mures between November 2015 and August 2016. The study enrolled adult, hemodynamically stable patients admitted in intensive critical care - defined by a normal blood pressure maintained without any vasopressor or inotropic support, invasive monitoring using PICCO device and abdominal pressure monitoring. Results: The patients were divided into two groups based on the intraabdominal pressure values: normal intraabdominal pressure group= 52 values and increased intraabdominal group= 35 values. We compared the groups in the light of NGAL values, 24 hours diuresis, GFR and creatinine clearance. The groups are significantly different when compared in the light of NGAL values and GFR values. We obtained a statistically significant correlation between NGAL value and 24 hour diuresis. No other significant correlations were encountered between the studied items. Conclusions: NGAL values are increased in patients with high intraabdominal pressure which may suggest its utility as a cut off marker for patients with increased intraabdominal pressure. There is a significant decreased GFR in patient with elevated intraabdominal pressure, observation which can help in early detection of renal injury in patients due to high intraabdominal pressure. No correlation was found between creatinine clearance and increased intraabdominal pressure.

Abstract 3555: Increased Fatness and Reduced Fitness are Associated with Aortic Stiffness in Persons with Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension

Circulation ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 116 (suppl_16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry J Stewart ◽  
Brian H George ◽  
Kristina Potrekus ◽  
Anita C Bacher ◽  
Harry A Silber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Aortic Stiffness ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Large Artery ◽  
And Gender

Background: Large artery stiffness, thought to be a marker of cardiovascular disease, is accelerated in persons with diabetes and hypertension. While reduced fatness and increased fitness are associated with lower BP, we tested the hypothesis that increased fatness and reduced fitness are each independently associated with greater aortic stiffness. Methods: Sedentary subjects (M=60; F=29), mean (SD) age 57.1 (5.8) years, were examined at baseline as part of an exercise training study to reduce BP in persons with type 2 diabetes. Subjects were taking their usual medical therapy. For BP eligibility, subjects were required to have SBP between 120–159 and/or DBP between 80–99 mm Hg during 2 consecutive weekly visits. BP was the mean of the screening visits and a visit after qualification for the study. Aortic stiffness was assessed by carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV), using ultrasound probes simultaneously at each of these sites. General fatness was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and expressed as percent body fat. Abdominal fatness was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging at the level of the umbilicus and the areas for total, subcutaneous, and visceral fat were measured. Maximal oxygen uptake was obtained on a treadmill. The associations of PWV with BP, oxygen uptake, and abdominal fat were determined by stepwise regression analysis with adjustment for age and gender. Results: PWV was 922.9 (300.0) msec, SBP was 126.9 (13.2) mm Hg, DBP was 71.8 (8.8) mm Hg, pulse pressure (PP) was 55.0 (10.4) mm Hg, percent body fat was 35.0 (6.5) %, and maximal oxygen uptake was 21.7 (5.0) ml/kg/min. In the final model, the variance in PWV was accounted for by increased PP, 8.9%; increased abdominal visceral fat accounted for an additional 6.2%; increased percent body fat, an additional 3%; and decreased maximal oxygen uptake, an additional 5.6%. Conclusions: These data bring to light an independent relationship of aortic stiffness with increased fatness and reduced fitness. Though further work is needed to elucidate the mechanisms linking aortic stiffness, fatness, and fitness, these findings support the need for a therapeutic approach for reducing aortic stiffness that considers the potential benefits of weight reduction and exercise.

Abstract P250: Insulin Resistance During Pregnancy is Inversely Associated With Gynoid Fat Distribution Postpartum

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine H Ingram ◽  
Roxanna Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Gestational Weight Gain ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Gestational Weight

An association between abdominal adiposity and insulin resistance is well-established. Recent research indicates that subcutaneous fat accumulation in the lower body may be associated with higher levels of insulin sensitivity. Hypothesis: This pilot study tested the hypothesis that the distribution of body fat in the lower body after pregnancy is negatively associated with gestational insulin resistance. Methods: In 32 nulliparous pregnant women (age 27±4.5, BMI 29.5±7.9, 69% non-hispanic white), the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) was computed from fasting glucose and insulin at 24-28 weeks gestation. Body composition was assessed at mid-gestation (18-20 weeks) and at four weeks post-partum. Total body fat was estimated via bioelectrical impedance (InBody 720) and skinfold thicknesses were measured at seven sites. Dual-energy xray absorptiometry (DXA) measures of regional fat (gynoid, visceral, and leg) were obtained post-partum only. Gestational weight gain was monitored by medical records. Partial correlation analyses were controlled for age and race and then analyses were repeated controlling for baseline (mid-gestation) body fat percent. HOMA-IR was log-transformed for normality. Results: HOMA-IR was associated with post-partum body fat ( r =0.45, p < .05) and adiposity in the trunk region ( r =0.58, 0.57 and 0.52 for DXA visceral fat, suprailiac skinfold, and abdominal skinfold, respectively, p < .01), but not with gestational weight gain ( r =.07, p = ns), DXA gynoid region ( r = 0.26, p = ns), or any other leg measure. When analyses were further controlled for baseline body fat, post-partum measures of lower-body adiposity were strongly and negatively correlated with HOMA-IR ( r = -0.66, -0.48, and -0.48 for thigh skinfold, DXA gynoid, and DXA leg, respectively, p < .05 for all). Neither DXA visceral fat ( r = .23; p = ns) nor any other post-partum fat measures were associated with HOMA-IR when controlling for baseline body fat. Conclusions: Gestational insulin resistance was negatively associated with post-partum thigh fat accumulation, independent of overall body fat. These data indicate that insulin sensitivity may be associated with the ability to store fat in the lower body and should warrant further study of subcutaneous leg fat as a metabolically “healthy” storage depot.

Testosterone induces cell proliferation and cell cycle gene overexpression in human visceral preadipocytes

2013 ◽  
Vol 305 (3) ◽  
pp. C355-C359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Barbosa-Desongles ◽  
Cristina Hernández ◽  
Rafael Simó ◽  
David M. Selva
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Flow Cytometric Analysis ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Cell Cycle Gene ◽  
Microarray Gene Expression ◽  
Fat Accumulation ◽  
Testosterone Treatment ◽  
Visceral Fat Accumulation

Evidence from the literature suggests that testosterone plays an important role in visceral fat accumulation since both men and women with hyperandrogenism accumulate more adipose tissue in the abdominal cavity than healthy women. However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. To shed light on this issue, we have used an in vitro approach to examine the effect of testosterone on human visceral preadipocyte proliferation. Our results showed that testosterone treatment significantly increased proliferation of human visceral preadipocytes in proliferation assays using flow cytometric analysis. We next performed a microarray gene expression analysis of human visceral preadipocytes treated with testosterone or vehicle to identify which genes were involved in the testosterone-induced increase in preadipocyte proliferation. The results showed a total of 140 genes differentially expressed between testosterone vs. vehicle. Among the top 10 upregulated genes, 5 were involved in cellular cycle and proliferation, and 3 (APOBEC3b, CCNA2, and PRC1) were significantly overexpressed by testosterone treatment when analyzed by real-time PCR. We conclude that testosterone exerts a proliferative effect on preadipocytes that may participate in the sex differences in fat distribution and that it may explain visceral fat accumulation in women with hyperandrogenism.

scholarly journals The key role of a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist in body fat redistribution

2019 ◽  
Vol 240 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Zhao ◽  
Chunfang Zhu ◽  
Meng Lu ◽  
Chi Chen ◽  
Xiaomin Nie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are an ideal therapy for type 2 diabetes and, as of recently, for obesity. In contrast to visceral fat, subcutaneous fat appears to be protective against metabolic diseases. Here, we aimed to explore whether liraglutide, a GLP-1RA, could redistribute body fat via regulating lipid metabolism in different fat depots. After being fed a high-fat diet for 8 weeks, 50 male Wistar and Goto-Kakizaki rats were randomly divided into a normal control group, a diabetic control group, low- and high-dose liraglutide-treated groups and a diet-control group. Different doses of liraglutide (400 μg/kg/day or 1200 μg/kg/day) or an equal volume of normal saline were administered to the rats subcutaneously once a day for 12 weeks. Body composition and body fat deposition were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and MRI. Isotope tracers were infused to explore lipid metabolism in different fat depots. Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analyses were conducted to evaluate the expression of adipose-related genes. The results showed that liraglutide decreased visceral fat and relatively increased subcutaneous fat. Lipogenesis was reduced in visceral white adipose tissue (WAT) but was elevated in subcutaneous WAT. Lipolysis was also attenuated, and fatty acid oxidation was enhanced. The mRNA expression levels of adipose-related genes in different tissues displayed similar trends after liraglutide treatment. In addition, the expression of browning-related genes was upregulated in subcutaneous WAT. Taken together, the results suggested that liraglutide potentially redistributes body fat and promotes browning remodeling in subcutaneous WAT to improve metabolic disorders.

To Assess and Correlate Resting Heart Rate, Body Composition and Heart Rate Variability in Judo and Wushu Players

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-421
Author(s):  
Sapna Yadav ◽  
Gaurav Kadyan
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Resting Heart Rate ◽  
Body Density ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: This study aimed to compare and correlate the resting heart rate, body composition and heart rate variability among judo and wushu players. Method: 40 athletes (20 judo and 20 wushu players) were included in the study. Body composition (BMI, subcutaneous body mass, skeletal body mass, body fat %, body density, Visceral fat, Lean body mass) was evaluated with the help of 7 skinfold thickness and body circumferences with the help of Harpenden calliper and measuring tape respectively. HRV (RMSSD, SDNN, LF/HF, LFnu and HFnu) was recorded in resting state (~5min) with the help of Heart wear shimmer ECG device. Result: No significant difference of body composition and HRV variables (p> 0.05) was found between the two groups except Body fat % and body density (p<0.05) which differ significantly among the two groups. In Judo, LF/HF and LFnu showed significant positive correlation with BMI (p<0.05, r=-0.488), subcutaneous whole-body mass (p<0.05, r=-0.464), visceral fat (p<0.05, r =-0.508), and body fat % (p<0.05, r =-0.626. Whereas HFnu showed significant negative correlation with BMI (p<0.05, r=-0.488), subcutaneous whole-body mass (p<0.05, r=-0.464), visceral fat (p<0.05, r=-0.505) and body fat % (p<0.05, r=-0.626). Whereas no correlation was found between HRV and Body composition in wushu players. Conclusion: Reduction in body fat % and visceral fat in judo players indicate improved sympathovagal balance which can be due to the adaptation induced by training loads. Similar results were not seen in wushu players because of high amount of body fat% and visceral fat. Keywords: Body composition, combat sports, heart rate variability, Body fat %, resting heart rate.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document