English Profile Studies 1. Criterial Features in L2 English: Specifying the Reference Levels of the Common European Framework * English Profile Studies 2. Language Functions Revisited: Theoretical and Empirical Bases for Language Construct Definition across the Ability Range

ELT Journal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Swan
Keyword(s):  
Reference Levels ◽  
Construct Definition ◽  
Language Functions ◽  
The Common ◽  
Language Construct

Frontotemporal Dementias

2021 ◽  
pp. 672-679
Author(s):  
Ryan Townley ◽  
Hugo Botha
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Temporal Lobes ◽  
Language Functions ◽  
Memory Problems ◽  
Progressive Degeneration ◽  
Frontal Lobe Functions ◽  
The Common ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Frontotemporal Dementias

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a clinically and pathologically heterogeneous group of disorders caused by progressive degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes. Frontal lobe functions include behavioral and personality control, executive function, and verbal expression. The temporal lobe is associated with behavior and language perception. Thus, the common clinical characterization of FTD is progressive changes in personality and behavior in addition to deficits in executive and language functions. Memory problems are typically not prominent during the early stage of illness.

scholarly journals Penggunaan Kata “Jancuk” Sebagai Ekspresi Budaya dalam Perilaku Komunikasi Arek di Kampung Kota Surabaya

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Sugeng Sriyanto ◽  
Akhmad Fauzie
Keyword(s):  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
Pragmatic Language ◽  
Language Functions ◽  
Urban Village ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
The Social ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
The Common ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Negative Connotation

The term “jancuk” is part of the dialect of Surabaya people. For Surabaya people known as “Arek Suroboyo” who lives in the neighborhood of kampung kota (the urban village), “jancuk” is the most common word that is used as an expressive language in daily life. However for some people, the word “jancuk” has a negative connotation. This ethnographic study explore how “jancuk” is used and understood by people living in kampung Surabaya who use it as daily communication. Data collected using in-depth interviews and analyzed using three stages of analysis technique suggested by Miles and Huberman: reduction, display, and verification. The result shows that the use of “jancuk” is the common expression in communication which is used because the influence of the social character and the strong internalization of “Arek” culture. “Arek” culture is characterized by its spontaneous, open, and egalitarian values. The use of “jancuk” emphasizes the form of interaction or pragmatic language functions rather than its semantic meaning. In general, the word “jancuk” is used by people who live in urban villages in Surabaya to express their emotion both positive and negative sides. While “jancuk” can be used to express anger, most participants used in friendship circle. People who use the word tend to be viewed as friendly and sociable.Abstrak: Bagi Arek Suroboyo yang tinggal di lingkungan kampung, kata “jancuk” digunakan sebagai sebagai bentuk ekspresi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Peneltian etnografi ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap bagaimana kata “jancuk” dimaknai oleh orang-orang yang menggunakannnya yang tinggal di kampung Surabaya. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara secara mendalam dan dianalisis menggunakan teknik reduksi, display, dan verifikasi yang disarankan Miles and Huberman. Hasil analisis menunjukkan  penggunaan kata jancuk dalam perilaku komunikasi merupakan ekspresi yang dipengaruhi oleh karakter dan kuatnya internalisasi budaya “Arek”. Budaya “Arek” ditandai oleh spontanitas, keterbukaan, dan egalitarianisme. Penggunaan kata jancuk lebih menekankan pada bentuk fungsi interaksi atau prakmatik bahasa dari pada makna semantiknya. Kata ini sering diucapkan oleh orang kampung Surabaya untuk mengekspresikan emosi positif maupun negatif. Menjadi negatif ketika kata ini digunakan sebagai ekspresi kemarahan yang ditujukan pada orang lain. Pada sisi positif dalam sebuah interaksi persahabatan, orang yang menggunakan kata ini  dianggap  memiliki karakteristik sebagai orang yang ramah dan suka bergaul.  

A1–B2 vocabulary: insights and issues arising from the English Profile Wordlists project

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette Capel
Keyword(s):  
American English ◽  
Business English ◽  
Reference Levels ◽  
Web Resource ◽  
Young Learners ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
Teacher Trainers ◽  
Detailed Search ◽  
Further Development

AbstractThe English Profile Wordlists provide a web resource showing the most common words and phrases in use by learners of English. Designed for use by language professionals from teacher trainers to examination writers, and with input from contributors and reviewers from around the world, the Wordlists document learner vocabulary through corpus-informed research. Vocabulary is graded according to the four Basic and Independent User levels of the Common European Framework of Reference (levels A1–B2) and is selected following a ‘can-do’ rationale – focussing on what learners do know rather than on what they should know. Preview versions of the British and American English Wordlists are available through public preview, offering detailed search functionality. There are further development opportunities to extend the Wordlists for young learners and for Business English, as well as to cover vocabulary at the C levels.

scholarly journals CEFR as Language Policy: Opportunities and Challenges for Local Agency in a Global Era

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-70
Author(s):  
Kristof Savski ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Education Reform ◽  
Language Policy ◽  
English Language ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Language Education ◽  
Reference Levels ◽  
English Language Education ◽  
Local Agency ◽  
Global Era ◽  
The Common

The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) has become one of the most widely cited documents in language education across the globe, its influence now felt far beyond the confines of Europe, the context for which it was originally produced. In Malaysia, CEFR was given particular prominence in the Malaysia Education Blueprint 2013-2025 and English Language Education Reform in Malaysia: The Roadmap 2015-2025, both of which positioned the framework as the primary yardstick by which curricula were to be developed and against which achievements (or lack thereof) were to be evaluated. This paper examines CEFR from the perspective of language policy, focussing particularly on the implications this document has for local agency in the Malaysian context. The paper begins by examining the constructs of language and language education underlying CEFR, pointing in particular to how these reflect the socio-political context for which the framework was developed. The next section examines how policy texts in the Malaysian context, in particular the 2015 Roadmap, have interpreted CEFR, highlighting in particular the way that these texts (as other policies across the globe) have tended to treat the CEFR reference levels as a global standard, with little scope for local agency. The final section considers alternative, localized models for using CEFR as language policy in Malaysia, in particular how the framework may be used in support of an inclusive agenda in which diversity and multilingualism are embraced.

scholarly journals Connecting development of pragmatic competence with the CEFR

Linguistica ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-112
Author(s):  
Marija Kusevska
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Methods ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Pragmatic Competence ◽  
Modal Verbs ◽  
Language Functions ◽  
Completion Task ◽  
The Common ◽  
Is Development ◽  
The One ◽  
Linguistic Means

The aim of this paper is to look at how The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) can facilitate research of pragmatic competence development. Central to developing pragmatic competence are the language functions (or speech acts) and the conventions of politeness. In particular, we focus on how Macedonian learners of English at B2 level express their disagreement, and we put their performance in relation to the functions and the politeness maxims postulated in Vantage (van Ek/Trim 2001) and the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (2001). Data for the analysis was compiled by means of a Discourse Completion Task (DCT) consisting of nine tasks which required the students to express an opposing view to the one given in the tasks. In our analysis, we classified disagreement as strong, weak, direct and hints. We focus on the linguistic means that learners used to express and to modify their disagreement. In particular, we discuss the use of lexical and syntactic modifiers, putting more emphasis on the use of modal verbs and I think. We end the paper with a conclusion that the CEFR and the accompanying books provide a valuable tool not only because they list the exponents of the functions, but also because they explain the principles that these exponents are motivated by. Finally, we raise two issues that we believe are important for further consideration. One is development of further research across all levels with the aim of better understanding the processes governing the acquisition of pragmatic competence. The other is developing research on what teaching methods and techniques should be employed to facilitate it.

Catalogue reduction techniques

1978 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 389-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chr. de Vegt
Keyword(s):  
Adjustment Process ◽  
Proper Motions ◽  
Measuring Process ◽  
Aerial Photogrammetry ◽  
Reduction Techniques ◽  
Observational Technique ◽  
The Common ◽  
Astrometric Data

AbstractReduction techniques as applied to astrometric data material tend to split up traditionally into at least two different classes according to the observational technique used, namely transit circle observations and photographic observations. Although it is not realized fully in practice at present, the application of a blockadjustment technique for all kind of catalogue reductions is suggested. The term blockadjustment shall denote in this context the common adjustment of the principal unknowns which are the positions, proper motions and certain reduction parameters modelling the systematic properties of the observational process. Especially for old epoch catalogue data we frequently meet the situation that no independent detailed information on the telescope properties and other instrumental parameters, describing for example the measuring process, is available from special calibration observations or measurements; therefore the adjustment process should be highly self-calibrating, that means: all necessary information has to be extracted from the catalogue data themselves. Successful applications of this concept have been made already in the field of aerial photogrammetry.

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