scholarly journals Policies in Hard Times: Assessing the Impact of Financial Crises on Structural Reforms*

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunes Gokmen ◽  
Massimiliano Gaetano Onorato ◽  
Tommaso Nannicini ◽  
Chris Papageorgiou
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Network Industries ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Social Reforms ◽  
The Public ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
Hard Times ◽  
Political Cost ◽  
The Impact

Abstract It is commonly argued that crises open up a window of opportunity to implement policies that otherwise would not have the necessary political backing. The argument goes that the political cost of economic and social reforms declines as crises unravel structural problems that need to be urgently rectified and the public is more willing to bear the pains associated with such reforms. This paper casts doubt on this prevalent view by showing that not only is the crises-reforms nexus unfounded in the data, but rather crises are associated with a reversal of liberalization interventions depending on the institutional environment. In particular, we look at measures of liberalization in international trade, agriculture, network industries, and financial markets. We find that, in democratic countries, crises occurrences have no significant impact on liberalization measures. On the contrary, after a crisis, autocracies reduce liberalization in multiple economic sectors, which we interpret as the fear of regime change leading non-democratic rulers to please vested economic interests.

scholarly journals The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the performance of street level bureaucrats in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Spanghero Lotta ◽  
Giordano Morangueira Magri ◽  
Ana Carolina Nunes ◽  
Beatriz Soares Benedito ◽  
Claudio Aliberti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Justice System ◽  
The Public ◽  
Street Level ◽  
Care Access ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
Health And Social Care ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Street Level Bureaucrats ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Government Level

Abstract: Dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic requires that the State make hard decisions that involve the action of bureaucrats who interact with the population through the implementation of public policy, the street-level bureaucracy (SLB). In this paper, based on a mixed- method exploratory study, we analyze how the daily performance of street-level bureaucrats in different policy areas- health and social care, access to the justice system, public security and education - has changed during the pandemic. We also explore the repercussions of those changes. Based on the analysis of the perceptions of bureaucrats, changes in their work and in their relationship with the public, we identify three categories that illustrate the dynamics of SLB work during the pandemic: the SLB who faces the crisis on the front lines; the SLB who suffers the effects of the pandemic, but whose work does not require her to face it directly; and the SLB who began to work remotely. We conclude that, during the pandemic, SLB suffered in varying degrees an aggravation of structural problems, such as their removal from decision-making processes - now restricted to the highest government level - and the exacerbation of already existing conflicts and ambiguities.

scholarly journals Public service motivation in the Chinese public and private sectors

2019 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dermot McCarthy ◽  
Ping Wei ◽  
Fabian Homberg ◽  
Vurain Tabvuma
Keyword(s):  
Public Service ◽  
Public Service Motivation ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Public ◽  
Municipal District ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to statistically test if the public service motivation (PSM) measure operates in the same way across the public and private sectors of a municipal district in China. It also contrasts the relationship between PSM and workplace outcomes across sectors and employee age groups. Design/methodology/approach Survey data from independent samples of public (n=220) and private (n=230) sector employees in the Changsha Municipal District of China is used. The analysis tests for invariance across groups, before comparing mean values and regression weights. Findings Only in respect of one PSM dimension do findings show a significant higher mean in the public sector. No significant difference is found on the impact of PSM on employee performance across sectors, while it is in the private sector that PSM has the greater impact on intention to leave. Findings also show no marked impact of age upon outcomes. Research limitations/implications This study provides an initial set of results and further research will need to be undertaken to verify them. The limited sample size and narrow geographical focus, although in line with similar studies on China, means the ability to draw generalisations is limited. The reliance on self-reported measures means issues with common method bias cannot be ignored. Measures were taken during data collection to minimise issues of bias and a set of post-hoc test results are provided. Practical implications The recruitment of employees with higher levels of PSM can be expected to play a role in achieving better outcomes, regardless of sector and age profile. Originality/value The PSM measure has been applied by researchers across various economic sectors. This paper is one of the first to statistically test if the concept and its measure operates in the same way across sectors. The paper contributes to the on-going debate on PSM in the context of China and its relationship with a number of key output variables. Finally, the paper contributes to the emerging debate on changing workforce demographics and their role in shaping outcomes.

Regulatory burden and business dynamics: a preliminary analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.R. Clark ◽  
Todd Nesbit
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Job Creation ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Regulatory Capture ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Public ◽  
Business Dynamics ◽  
Specific Regulation ◽  
The Impact

Purpose Stigler (1971) first presented a theory of regulation in which the regulator eventually serves the interests of the regulated rather than in the interest of the public good. In such an institutional environment, one should expect to observe outcomes associated with reduced competitive pressures on existing firms. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the authors use RegData, which quantifies regulatory restrictions by industry, to determine whether and to what degree regulation reduces establishment entry and the associated job creation and how regulation impacts existing establishment exit and job creation and destruction. Findings The results, while not definitive, are supportive of Stigler’s theory of regulatory capture. Originality/value This paper adds to the small but growing empirical literature examining the effects of cronyism more broadly. Prior studies of regulation have generally been either narrowly focused on a specific regulation or employ less precise measures of the extent of regulation. By employing RegData as a measure of regulatory restrictions by industry, this paper offers new insights on the impact of regulation on business dynamics.

A transaction costs-based model to choose PPP procurement procedures

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nunzia Carbonara ◽  
Nicola Costantino ◽  
Roberta Pellegrino
Keyword(s):  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Public ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Procurement Procedure ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a decision model for choosing the tendering procedure in PPP that minimizes the transaction costs borne by the public sector. Design/methodology/approach – A conceptual model that relates the procurement procedures described in the EU legal framework to launch PPPs and the transaction costs, considering the level of information managed by each procurement procedure has been developed. The authors use this conceptual model to develop propositions about the impact that specific project- and country-related factors have on the choice of the procurement procedure that minimizes the transaction costs. Findings – The application of the proposed model to the case of the Italian highway “Cispadana” shows its usefulness in orienting the public authority’s choice between the different tendering procedures, taking into account project- and country-related factors. Research limitations/implications – The present study fills the gap existing in the literature on transaction costs of PPP projects and the procurement procedure used to launch those projects by developing a model that relates the level of transaction costs with a set of key factors, namely the level of information managed during the tendering process, the number of bidders, the project size, the project complexity, and the institutional environment. Practical implications – As for practitioners, the main contribution of this study lies in offering a tool for supporting the public authority in the decision-making process about the tendering procedures in PPPs without imposing the selection of a specific procedure. Originality/value – The approach developed provides a new tool to support the contracting authority in the design and choice of the tendering procedures in PPP.

scholarly journals State regulation of manufacturing and manufacturing markets

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-23
Author(s):  
Viktor A. Bazhanov
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Business Climate ◽  
Private Business ◽  
The Public ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
Regulatory Impact ◽  
Investment Growth ◽  
The Impact

The article gives a brief overview of key state legal, regulatory and forecast documents related to government regulation of production and the Russian manufacturing market developed and adopted in the second decade of this century. On the example of the implementation of government measures aimed at improving the structure of industrial production and solving the problems of staffing the functioning of manufacturing industries, unresolved problems in these areas of state regulation that persist at the end of the second decade are shown. Examples of foreign experience and some recommendations in the field of state regulation of the country's industrial development are given. It is shown that for radical investment growth, it is necessary to first of all solve structural problems in the economy, implement measures aimed at improving the business climate, developing competition and reducing the share of the public sector and stimulating consumer demand to intensify the investment activities of private business in the field of manufacturing. In order to accurately and reasonably assess the impact of government measures on the development of manufacturing in the country, it is necessary to develop a methodology for assessing the regulatory impact (ODS) in the direction of methods for assessing the impact of government decisions on the activation of innovation and the use of progressive technologies "Industry 4.0."

The role of institutional conditions and economic activity of the population in the socio-economic dynamics of the federal districts

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 2297-2318
Author(s):  
D.V. Maslova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Business Activity ◽  
Economic Dynamics ◽  
The Public ◽  
Institutional Conditions ◽  
Federal Districts ◽  
The Impact

Subject. This article deals with the issues related to the economic efficiency and well-being of the population. Objectives. The article aims to analyze the impact of the economic activity of people in the existing institutional environment on the socio-economic development of megaregions. Methods. The article uses indices that determine the public business activity and the effectiveness of the State's economic policy. Results. The article presents an original methodology for assessing the socio-economic dynamics of federal districts between 2004 and 2018. The article points out the decline in business activity of the population and the increasing dependence of welfare on social assistance by the State. Conclusions. The article concludes that it is necessary to adjust the public policy to encourage the business activity of people.

scholarly journals The Causality between Revenues and Expenditure of the Federal and Provincial Governments of Pakistan

2010 ◽  
Vol 49 (4II) ◽  
pp. 651-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahir Sadiq
Keyword(s):  
Budget Deficit ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Fiscal Deficit ◽  
Fiscal Deficits ◽  
Fiscal Effort ◽  
The Public ◽  
Debt Burden ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
Strong Programme ◽  
The Impact

Large fiscal deficits and a growing debt burden have been a key element of the structural problems faced by the economy of Pakistan. During the last three years, for example, the budget deficit has averaged almost 6 percent of the GDP and the public debt has approached the level of 60 percent of the GDP. Targets agreed with IMF have been seriously violated and the SBA with the Fund has floundered because of the inability to control the fiscal deficit. There is a growing perception that one of the root causes of inflation is the large borrowing from the Central Bank to finance the deficit. This has resulted in a popular demand for cutting down of unproductive expenditure and observing austerity along with implementation of a strong programme of reforms to raise the low tax to GDP ratio of the country by broad-basing the tax system and eliminating exemptions. The fundamental question is whether measures at reducing the fiscal deficit will have a, more or less, permanent impact. If an increase in tax revenue is accompanied subsequently by a rise in expenditure then the impact on the deficit is likely to be temporary or limited in character. Alternatively, if a cut in expenditure leads to a slackening of the fiscal effort then the gains are also not lasting in nature.

scholarly journals Impacts of Seaport Investment on the Economic Growth

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 365-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahar Ammar Jouili ◽  
Mohamed Anis Allouche
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Production Function ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Econometric Model ◽  
Public Investment ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
The Public ◽  
Economic Growth Rates ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Douglas Production Function

The aim of this paper is to estimate the impact of seaports investment on the economic growth. Seaports are seen by many governments as an important factor in the strengthening of the economies. During the last two decades, the Tunisian succeeding governments have been allocating a great amount of money to develop seaport infrastructures. However, the Tunisian economy witnessed fluctuations in the economic growth rates and decrease in the rate of employment during the same period of time. This study used an econometric model by employing the Cobb-Douglas production function. The sample was composed of Tunisia's economic sectors (manufacturing, services and agriculture) over the period 1983-2011. The results of the study show that the public investment in seaport infrastructures has apositive influence on Tunisian economic growth. The study also revealed that the biggest beneficiary from the seaport investment infrastructure is the service sector. This paper aims to estimate the impact of seaports investment on the economic growth. The seaports are seen by many governments as an important factor in the strengthening of the economies. During the last two decades, the Tunisian succeeding governments were allocating a great amount of money to develop seaports' infrastructures. However, the Tunisian economy witnessed fluctuating in the economic growth rates and decreased in the rate of employment during the same period of time. This study used an econometric model by employing the Cobb-Douglas production function. The sample composed of Tunisia's economic sectors (manufacturing, services and agriculture) over the period 1983-2011. The results of the study show that the public investment in seaports' infrastructures has a positive influence on Tunisian economic growth. The study also revealed that the biggest beneficiary from the seaports investment infrastructure is the services sector.

scholarly journals The impact of the religious geographical factor on the tourist attraction in Erbil City

Twejer ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 887-932
Author(s):  
Bahzad Hilmi Hussein ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Tourist Attraction ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
The Public ◽  
Geographic Factor ◽  
Religious Tourism ◽  
Holy Places ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Religious tourism is defined as traveling from one country to another or moving within the borders of a country with its own eyes to visit the holy places. It is tourism that is concerned with the spiritual side of the human being. It is also a mixture of religious and heritage contemplation for the sake of calling and drawing closer to God. The Kurdistan Region of Iraq in general, and the city of Erbil in particular, is a region and a tourist city in which all the elements of natural tourism are available, both human and natural, as the city of Erbil has many tourist elements that depend on it for tourist attraction, whether it is locally from within the region or abroad. Religious tourism has recently emerged as an economic pattern of great use in the budgets of countries and societies. It has become worthy of official and societal attention to the extent that a country is no longer devoid of a religious landmark that strengthens the public tourism system and helps support the national economy. Based on the realization of the utmost importance of the economic viability of religious tourism for the Kurdistan Region and the city of Erbil, this study tries to show that the city of Erbil possesses many places and religious tourist sites, as it has gained an independent personality that can influence the effect of economic change in the study area, after being familiar with the current situation of this economics The vital sector, and then developing an integrated vision for its future, believing in its importance as one of the alternative economic sectors worthy of parallel to oil in the Kurdistan Region, and a sense of the need to move forward in identifying priorities for economic planning, and exploring the financial streams that are more flexible and faster in terms of the ability to strengthen the general budget of the region. For the purpose of achieving the goal of the research and reaching the results of the study, the research was divided into four sections, where the first one deals with the definition of the study area, and the second study deals with the definition of the importance of the religious geographic factor and the components of religious tourism in the study area, and in the third section we deal with the spatial distribution of the variables of the religious tourism components in a city Erbil. As for the fourth topic, it analyzes the reality of religious tourism in the city of Erbil. And then, in the end, to refer to the researcher's conclusions, and the most important recommendations that the researcher recommends for the development and development of religious tourism in the study area.

Evaluation of the impact of public investment programs on social and economic performance of territories

2019 ◽  
pp. 109-123
Author(s):  
I. E. Limonov ◽  
M. V. Nesena
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Modeling ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Public Investment ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
The Public ◽  
Export Activity ◽  
Regional Investment ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Development Institution

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of public investment programs on the socio-economic development of territories. As a case, the federal target programs for the development of regions and investment programs of the financial development institution — Vnesheconombank, designed to solve the problems of regional development are considered. The impact of the public interventions were evaluated by the “difference in differences” method using Bayesian modeling. The results of the evaluation suggest the positive impact of federal target programs on the total factor productivity of regions and on innovation; and that regional investment programs of Vnesheconombank are improving the export activity. All of the investments considered are likely to have contributed to the reduction of unemployment, but their implementation has been accompanied by an increase in social inequality.

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