Tramps’ Tales: Discovering the Life-Stories of Late Victorian and Edwardian Vagrants*

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
N J Crowson
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Life Stories ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
State Control ◽  
Poor Law ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
British Policy ◽  
Condition State

Abstract This article addresses a question that challenged British policy-makers at the turn of the twentieth century: who were the tramps? Using genealogical methods, the article shows the extent, and detail, with which it is now possible to reconstruct a vagrant’s life. Understanding these life-stories, of people trapped in a system of state control and surveillance, opens up the potential to unravel the strategies and inner logics that they were applying in order to survive. For the most part, these individuals were punished and criminalised by the New Poor Law and 1824 Vagrancy Act on the basis of their personal condition, state of being and socio-economic status. The article will illustrate how it is now possible to pinpoint a tramp’s movements around the country, and understand the individuality of these routes. And finally, in addressing the debates about why people found themselves in this predicament, the article argues that individual fragilities contributed significantly to the circumstances they experienced.

The influence of socio-economic status, age, gender, and level of literacy on language attitudes

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-263
Author(s):  
Gerdine M. Ulysse ◽  
Khaled Al Masaeed
Keyword(s):  
Language Attitudes ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Haitian Creole ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Diverse Backgrounds ◽  
Literacy Level ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This study investigated the relationship between socio-economic status, age, gender, and literacy level and Haitian Gonâviens‘ attitudes towards Haitian Creole or Kreyòl and French. Most studies that investigated language attitudes of Creolophones have found that they have negative attitudes towards Kreyòl. Nevertheless, previous studies often included participants who are affiliated with education such as students, teachers, and language policy makers, or those from higher social classes. The current study, however, utilized a language attitudes questionnaire to collect data from 78 adult informants from diverse backgrounds. These participants included 21 highly literate, 51 partially literate and 6 illiterate Haitians. Findings revealed that participants of higher socio-economic status have more positive attitudes towards French than those from lower socio-economic status. Results also showed that there is a tendency for age, gender, and literacy level to affect language attitudes. For instance, positive attitudes towards Kreyòl were found to be more prevalent among older participants than younger respondents. Similarly, male participants had more negative attitudes towards French than female informants. Moreover, respondents of lower literacy levels had more negative attitudes towards French than those who were highly literate.

Social Stratification of School Knowledge in Character Training Programs of South Buffalo, New York, 1918-1932

1988 ◽  
Vol 170 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
William B. Thomas ◽  
Kevin J. Moran
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Elementary Schools ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Lower Status ◽  
Knowledge Type

This essay shows how policy makers and teachers in Buffalo, New York designed and implemented a stratified curriculum as an outgrowth of the school district's character training program. They differentiated by socio-economic status the knowledge type they disseminated to their pupils in the early 1900s, emphasizing academics in elementary schools which higher- and middle-status pupils attended. In contrast, they emphasized character training at the expense of academics in lower-status schools.

The Return to Education in the Mid-Twentieth Century: Evidence from Twins

2020 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 1101-1142
Author(s):  
James J. Feigenbaum ◽  
Hui Ren Tan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Return To Education ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Labor Earnings ◽  
Return To Schooling ◽  
Unobserved Ability

What was the return to education in the United States at mid-century? In 1940, the correlation between years of schooling and earnings was relatively low. In this article, we estimate the causal return to schooling in 1940, constructing a large linked sample of twin brothers to account for differences in unobserved ability and family background. We find that each additional year of schooling increased labor earnings by approximately 4 percent, about half the return found for more recent cohorts in twins studies. These returns were evident both within and across occupations and were higher for sons from lower socio-economic status families.

scholarly journals Vodú Chic: Haitian Religion and the Folkloric Imaginary in Socialist Cuba

2012 ◽  
Vol 86 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 205-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grete Viddal
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Cultural Production ◽  
Sugar Industry ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Research Centers ◽  
Spiritual Beliefs ◽  
Art Exhibitions ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Agricultural Laborers

During the first three decades of the twentieth century, hundreds of thousands of Haitian agricultural laborers arrived in Cuba seeking employment in the expanding sugar industry. Historically, Haitian cane cutters were marginal and occupied the lowest socio-economic status in Cuban society. Until relatively recently, the maintenance of Haitian spiritual beliefs, music, dance, and language in Cuba were associated with rural isolation and poverty. Today however, the continuation of Haitian customs is no longer linked with isolation, but exactly the opposite: performance troupes, heritage festivals, art exhibitions, the circulation of religious specialists, collaborations with research centers and academia, endorsement by music promoters, and the tourism industry. Cubans of Haitian heritage have found innovative ways to transform the abject into the exotic, and are currently gaining a public voice in cultural production, particularly through folkloric performance.

ORAL BIOAVAILABILITY OF MOLECULES INCLUDED IN THE NATIONAL LIST OF ESSENTIAL MEDICINES – A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS

INDIAN DRUGS ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (09) ◽  
pp. 55-59
Author(s):  
B Ranganathan ◽  
◽  
B. Ashitha ◽  
S. Thasniya
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Healthcare Delivery ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Healthcare Delivery System ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Reliable Source ◽  
Pharmaceutical Properties ◽  
Collaborative Efforts ◽  
Source Of Information

The National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM) is regarded as a dynamic and significant document in the healthcare delivery system of a country. It includes a listing of those medicines which are considered very crucial so as to be made available to all people of a nation irrespective of socio-economic status. In our country, such a compilation has resulted from the collaborative efforts of direct caregivers, administrators, policy makers, academicians and all other players within the healthcare setup. Viewing this document within the academic setting, our focus has revolved around improving its worth as a reliable source of information. The present work represents an empirical medicinal chemistry study investigating key pharmaceutical properties of specific molecules within this list.

Oral Language Behavior of Older Cerebral Palsied Children

1964 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell J. Love
Keyword(s):  
Oral Language ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Language Behavior ◽  
Hearing Acuity

A battery of six tests assessing various aspects of receptive and expressive oral language was administered to 27 cerebral palsied children and controls matched on the variables of age, intelligence, sex, race, hearing acuity, socio-economic status, and similarity of educational background. Results indicated only minimal differences between groups. Signs of deviancy in language behavior often attributed to the cerebral palsied were not observed. Although previous investigators have suggested consistent language disturbances in the cerebral palsied, evidence for a disorder of comprehension and formulation of oral symobls was not found.

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