scholarly journals Differences in Early Season Emergence and Reproductive Activity Between Spathius agrili (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Spathius galinae, Larval Parasitoids of the Invasive Emerald Ash Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 334-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Ragozzino ◽  
Ryan Meyer ◽  
Jian Duan ◽  
Ben Slager ◽  
Scott Salom
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Russian Far East ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Emergence Time ◽  
Cold Acclimatization ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Multigenerational Effects

Abstract Both Spathius agrili Yang and Spathius galinae Belokobylskij and Strazanac are host-specific parasitic wasps introduced for biological control of emerald ash borer in North America. Spathius agrili is native to northeastern China and S. galinae comes from a more northern, colder climate in the Russian Far East. Their origin may lead to differing abilities to adapt to climate and their host in North America. We conducted both field and laboratory experiments to determine the timing of early season emergence and synchronization of each parasitoid species to their host in the United States, and if manipulating prerelease conditions could affect emergence time. A cold acclimatization treatment prior to parasitoid emergence was assessed and compared with untreated control group reared with standard rearing protocols. Stands of naturally emerald ash borer-infested ash were sampled at two locations in Virginia throughout the experiment to determine when the parasitoid-susceptible life stage (third to fourth instar) occurred. Untreated S. galinae emerged approximately 2 wk earlier than any other cohort, whereas cold acclimatized S. galinae emerged later than any other cohort. Emergence time of S. agrili was unaffected by cold acclimatization. Cold acclimatization treatment did not affect the parasitism rate of either species, nor did it have multigenerational effects. Emergence time of the subsequent generation of S. agrili was delayed by cold acclimatization treatment, whereas S. galinae experienced no multigenerational effects. At Virginia field sites, susceptible EAB larvae were present during the emergence time of all four groups of parasitoids. Untreated S. galinae had the least overlap with any susceptible EAB larvae.

Biotic mortality factors affecting emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) are highly dependent on life stage and host tree crown condition

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 598-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.E. Jennings ◽  
J.J. Duan ◽  
P.M. Shrewsbury
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Host Tree ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
Crown Condition ◽  
Mortality Factors ◽  
Tree Resistance

AbstractEmerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis, is a serious invasive forest pest in North America responsible for killing tens to hundreds of millions of ash trees since it was accidentally introduced in the 1990s. Although host-plant resistance and natural enemies are known to be important sources of mortality for EAB in Asia, less is known about the importance of different sources of mortality at recently colonized sites in the invaded range of EAB, and how these relate to host tree crown condition. To further our understanding of EAB population dynamics, we used a large-scale field experiment and life-table analyses to quantify the fates of EAB larvae and the relative importance of different biotic mortality factors at 12 recently colonized sites in Maryland. We found that the fates of larvae were highly dependent on EAB life stage and host tree crown condition. In relatively healthy trees (i.e., with a low EAB infestation) and for early instars, host tree resistance was the most important mortality factor. Conversely, in more unhealthy trees (i.e., with a moderate to high EAB infestation) and for later instars, parasitism and predation were the major sources of mortality. Life-table analyses also indicated how the lack of sufficient levels of host tree resistance and natural enemies contribute to rapid population growth of EAB at recently colonized sites. Our findings provide further evidence of the mechanisms by which EAB has been able to successfully establish and spread in North America.

Phenology of Emerald Ash Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) and Its Introduced Larval Parasitoids in the Northeastern United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 622-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael I Jones ◽  
Juli R Gould ◽  
Hope J Mahon ◽  
Melissa K Fierke
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Biological Control ◽  
North America ◽  
Russian Far East ◽  
Far East ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Larval Parasitoids

Abstract Biological control offers a long-term and sustainable option for controlling the destructive forest pest emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, in North America. Three larval parasitoids, Spathius agrili Yang (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang (Eulophidae), and Spathius galinae Belokobylskij & Strazanac, have been introduced to North America from the native range of EAB (northeastern Asia). While T. planipennisi appears to be persisting where it has been introduced in northern United States, S. agrili failed to establish in northeastern states. The more recently identified parasitoid S. galinae was recovered from the Russian Far East and climate matching suggests it should be suited for release in colder climates. We collected data on the phenology of EAB and its introduced larval parasitoids from colonies established in an insectary, growth chambers, and field-caged trees in Syracuse, New York to determine whether asynchrony between parasitoids and EAB or climate could impact establishment and persistence. Phenological data indicated EAB has one and 2-yr life cycles in New York, with parasitoid-susceptible EAB larvae available spring to fall for parasitism. Insectary and growth chamber studies indicated S. galinae and T. planipennisi were synchronous with EAB phenology, and field studies suggested both species could overwinter in northeastern climates. Spathius agrili was asynchronous with EAB phenology and climate, emerging when fewer parasitoid-susceptible EAB larvae were available and temperatures were not optimal for survival. Our results suggest S. galinae and T. planipennisi are suited for biological control of EAB at the northern limits of its range in North America.

Progress in the classical biological control of Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in North America

2015 ◽  
Vol 147 (3) ◽  
pp. 300-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah S. Bauer ◽  
Jian J. Duan ◽  
Juli R. Gould ◽  
Roy Van Driesche
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Biological Control ◽  
North America ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Russian Far East ◽  
Far East ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Larval Parasitoids

AbstractFirst detected in North America in 2002, the emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire; Coleoptera: Buprestidae), an invasive phloem-feeding beetle from Asia, has killed tens of millions of ash (Fraxinus Linnaeus; Oleaceae) trees. Although few parasitoids attack EAB in North America, three parasitoid species were found attacking EAB in China: the egg parasitoid Oobius agrili Zhang and Huang (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and two larval parasitoids Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Spathius agrili Yang (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). In 2007, classical biological control of EAB began in the United States of America after release of these three species was approved. In 2013, release of the larval parasitoids was approved in Canada. Research continues at study sites in Michigan, United States of America where the establishment, prevalence, and spread of O. agrili and T. planipennisi have been monitored since 2008. However, establishment of S. agrili remains unconfirmed in northern areas, and its release is now restricted to regions below the 40th parallel. In 2015, approval for release of Spathius galinae Belokobylskij (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), an EAB larval parasitoid from the Russian Far East, may be granted in the United States of America. Researchers are guardedly optimistic that a complex of introduced and native natural enemies will regulate EAB densities below a tolerance threshold for survival of ash species or genotypes in forested ecosystems.

Semiochemistry and chemical ecology of the emerald ash borerAgrilus planipennis(Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

2014 ◽  
Vol 147 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Silk ◽  
Krista Ryall
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Chemical Ecology ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
The United States ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Mate Finding ◽  
Pheromone Components ◽  
Ash Trees

AbstractThe emerald ash borer (EAB),Agrilus planipennisFairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) is a very serious invasive pest in North America, causing extremely high levels of mortality to ash trees (FraxinusLinnaeus, Oleaceae) in the United States of America and Canada. Knowledge of buprestid chemical ecology is sparse, but the appearance of EAB in North America and its devastating ecological and economic impacts, particularly in the urban environment, have provided an opportunity to study the semiochemistry, natural history, and ecology of this buprestid in detail. This review will summarise the chemical ecology of EAB to date, discussing studies on semiochemistry, natural history, and behaviour with respect to host and mate finding that have identified several female-produced pheromone components (contact and sex pheromones), and attractive host kairomones. Earlier reviews focused on studies of attractive host volatiles with respect to development of a trapping system and visual and contact phenomena in EAB mate finding. This has led to the development of an efficient trapping system for EAB, with attempts to optimise the range of variables in trap protocols, combining pheromone components, release rates, and combinations with host kairomones, as well as trap type, placement, height, and colour being taken into account.

scholarly journals Do Correctional Facilities Correct Our Youth?: Effects of Incarceration and Court-Ordered Community Service on Personality Development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Leigh Bollich-Ziegler ◽  
Emorie D Beck ◽  
Patrick Hill ◽  
Joshua James Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Community Service ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Correctional Facilities ◽  
Criminal Behaviors

Millions of individuals are currently incarcerated in the United States. However, little is known about the effects of incarceration on personality development, particularly during the critical life stage of adolescence. In a large longitudinal sample, adolescents and young adults (N = 7,736) regularly completed personality measures and assessments of court-ordered punishments for criminal behaviors over more than ten years. Using propensity score weighting and multilevel growth curve modeling, we found that personality prospectively predicted the likelihood of incarceration and court-ordered community service, and that personality changed in response to these experiences, compared to a matched control group. Specifically, individuals who were incarcerated were higher in impulsivity, sensation seeking, and depressive symptoms than individuals who were not incarcerated—results for community service youth mostly mirrored these findings. Furthermore, although on average individuals decreased in impulsivity over time, incarcerated individuals increased. In contrast, youth assigned community service experienced normative decreases in impulsivity. Incarcerated individuals also decreased in depressive symptoms over adolescence, while other individuals showed no change in depressive symptoms. This work highlights the lasting negative impact of incarceration in youth, with no evidence of correction via correctional facilities. Preregistration, data, and code [https://osf.io/45qxh/?view_only=0d9ced99898645fe8ee399e8db3c21dc]

Effects of Extreme Low Winter Temperatures on the Overwintering Survival of the Introduced Larval Parasitoids Spathius galinae and Tetrastichus planipennisi: Implications for Biological Control of Emerald Ash Borer in North America

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 1145-1151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian J Duan ◽  
Leah S Bauer ◽  
Roy Van Driesche ◽  
Jonathan M Schmude ◽  
Toby Petrice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
The United States ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Cold Wave ◽  
Larval Parasitoids ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Tetrastichus Planipennisi ◽  
Study Sites

Abstract Climate change has been linked to shifts in the distribution and phenology of species although little is known about the potential effects that extreme low winter temperatures may have on insect host–parasitoid interactions. In late January 2019, northern regions of the United States experienced a severe cold wave caused by a weakened jet stream, destabilizing the Arctic polar vortex. Approximately 3 mo later at six study sites in southern Michigan and three in southern Connecticut, we sampled the overwintering larvae of the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), and two larval parasitoids, Spathius galinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Tetrastichus planipennisi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), that are being introduced as emerald ash borer biocontrol agents in North America. At these nine study sites, emerald ash borer-infested ash trees and/or saplings were debarked and each overwintering emerald ash borer and parasitoid larva was then examined for cold-induced mortality, as indicated by a brown coloration, flaccid, and watery consistency. In early spring in Michigan, we found 4.5–26% of emerald ash borer larvae, 18–50% of S. galinae larvae, and 8–35% of T. planipennisi larvae were killed by cold. In Connecticut where temperatures were more moderate than in Michigan during the 2019 cold wave, <2% of the larval hosts and parasitoids died from cold injury. Our findings revealed that cold-induced mortality of overwintering larvae of emerald ash borer and its larval parasitoids varied by location and species, with higher mortality of parasitoid larvae in most Michigan sites compared to host larvae. The potential impacts of our findings on the management of emerald ash borer using biocontrol are discussed.

Magic and Politics

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
Sabina Magliocco
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Presidential Election ◽  
The United States ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Far Right ◽  
Cultural Expression ◽  
Spirit World

This essay introduces a special issue of Nova Religio on magic and politics in the United States in the aftermath of the 2016 presidential election. The articles in this issue address a gap in the literature examining intersections of religion, magic, and politics in contemporary North America. They approach political magic as an essentially religious phenomenon, in that it deals with the spirit world and attempts to motivate human behavior through the use of symbols. Covering a range of practices from the far right to the far left, the articles argue against prevailing scholarly treatments of the use of esoteric technologies as a predominantly right-wing phenomenon, showing how they have also been operationalized by the left in recent history. They showcase the creativity of magic as a form of human cultural expression, and demonstrate how magic coexists with rationality in contemporary western settings.

Pentecostalism and African diaspora : a case study of the Redeemed Christian Church of God (RCCG), in North America

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-92
Author(s):  
Rotimi Williams Omotoye
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Church Of God ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Christian Church ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Church

Pentecostalism as a new wave of Christianity became more pronounced in 1970's and beyond in Nigeria. Since then scholars of Religion, History, Sociology and Political Science have shown keen interest in the study of the Churches known as Pentecostals because of the impact they have made on the society. The Redeemed Christian Church of God (RCCG) was established by Pastor Josiah Akindayomi in Lagos,Nigeria in 1952. After his demise, he was succeeded by Pastor Adeboye Adejare Enock. The problem of study of this research was an examination of the expansion of the Redeemed Christian Church of God to North America, Caribbean and Canada. The missionary activities of the church could be regarded as a reversed mission in the propagation of Christianity by Africans in the Diaspora. The methodology adopted was historical. The primary and secondary sources of information were also germane in the research. The findings of the research indicated that the Redeemed Christian Church of God was founded in North America by Immigrants from Nigeria. Pastor Adeboye Enock Adejare had much influence on the Church within and outside the country because of his charisma. The Church has become a place of refuge for many immigrants. They are also contributing to the economy of the United States of America. However, the members of the Church were faced with some challenges, such as security scrutiny by the security agencies. In conclusion, the RCCGNA was a denomination that had been accepted and embraced by Nigerians and African immigrants in the United States of America.

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