Microbes Associated With Black Soldier Fly (Diptera: Stratiomiidae) Degradation of Food Waste

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 405-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matan Shelomi ◽  
Meng-Kun Wu ◽  
Shu-Min Chen ◽  
Jing-Jiun Huang ◽  
Christopher Glen Burke
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Significant Percentage ◽  
Soil Enrichment ◽  
Bacterial Microbiota ◽  
Pathogenic Microbes ◽  
Black Soldier Fly Larvae ◽  
Insect Biomass

Abstract Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae are capable of valorizing waste by converting it into insect biomass that can be used as animal feed, leaving undigested residue that can be used as soil enrichment. Evidence is conflicting over whether larvae fed substrate containing pathogenic microbes emerge uncontaminated. Studies also differ on which clades comprise the species’ gut microbiome, and on whether and how diet affects these microbes. Using culturing and metabarcoding, the bacterial microbiota of black soldier fly larvae reared on two different kinds of food waste (postproduction soy pulp and postconsumer cafeteria waste) were analyzed, along with the microbes of their substrates. Little to no overlap was found between the wastes, the larvae, and the residues, but the larvae fed different foods had a significant percentage of their microbes in common. The data, in line with other works on this species, suggest the larvae have a conserved microbiota whose components vary geographically.

scholarly journals Black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) strengthen the metabolic function of food waste biodegradation by gut microbiome

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 528-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng‐Liang Jiang ◽  
Wei‐Zheng Jin ◽  
Xin‐Hua Tao ◽  
Qian Zhang ◽  
Jun Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Metabolic Function ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Black Soldier Fly Larvae ◽  
Fly Larvae

scholarly journals Screening of Effective Media for Black Soldier Fly Larvae Used in Food Waste Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (10) ◽  
pp. 463-471
Author(s):  
Chul-Hwan Kim ◽  
Kwanyoung Ko ◽  
Jongkeun Lee ◽  
Haegeun Chung
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Black Soldier Fly Larvae ◽  
Fly Larvae ◽  
By Products ◽  
Bean Sprouts

Objectives : Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are organisms that effectively decompose various types of organic waste including food waste, and food waste treatment using BSFL is attracting attention as a sustainable waste treatment method. However, food waste discharged from Korea has a wide variety of properties, and its high salt concentration limits its treatment by BSFL. Therefore, to increase the efficiency of food waste treatment using BSFL, it is necessary to increase the quality of food waste as a production medium for BSFL. In this study, the ratio of protein and fat was adjusted by adding bean sprouts and wheat brans to food wastes treated at high temperature under vacuum, and whether such medium is suitable for rearing BSFL was investigated.Methods : To improve the medium, the ratio of protein and fat was adjusted to approximately 2:1 by adding bean sprouts and bran residue to food waste. Subsequently, the growth and development rate of BSFL reared on chicken feed, food waste, food waste + bean sprouts, food waste + wheat bran were measured. Also, the decomposition rate of each medium was analyzed.Results and Discussion : The growth rate of BSFL grown on food waste + wheat bran medium was similar to that of BSFL reared on chicken feed. The speed of development at day 7 was also the fastest for BSFL reared with food waste + wheat bran medium and chicken feed. These results suggest that the mixed medium to which wheat bran has been added to food waste has the potential to be used as a commercial medium for BSFL production. The survival rate of BSFL was 89% or higher in all media.Conclusions : When food waste was used alone, BSFL development was poor compared to that in media combined with agricultural by-products such as bean sprouts and wheat bran. Therefore, to use food waste as a rearing medium of BSFL, it is necessary to adjust the ratio of protein and fat by adding various agricultural by-products and reduce salinity. For the improvement of food waste treatment technology using BSFL, mass rearing of useful insects such as BSFL, and promotion of the use of agricultural by-products, additional research is needed to optimize the composition of rearing medium based on food waste.

Effects of black soldier fly larvae (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) on food waste and sewage sludge composting

2020 ◽  
Vol 256 ◽  
pp. 109967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Liu ◽  
Mukesh Kumar Awasthi ◽  
Sanjeev Kumar Awasthi ◽  
Yumin Duan ◽  
Zengqiang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Food Waste ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Black Soldier Fly Larvae ◽  
Fly Larvae ◽  
Sludge Composting

scholarly journals Life on a piece of cake: performance and fatty acid profiles of black soldier fly larvae fed oilseed by-products

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
S.J.J. Schreven ◽  
S. Yener ◽  
H.J.F. van Valenberg ◽  
M. Dicke ◽  
J.J.A. van Loon
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Press Cake ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Fatty Acid Profiles ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Pufa Ratio ◽  
Oilseed Crops ◽  
Black Soldier Fly Larvae ◽  
By Products

The oilseed crops Crambe abyssinica and Camelina sativa produce oils rich in erucic acid and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), respectively. After pressing the oil, a seed cake remains as a protein-rich by-product. Edible insects may convert this seed press cake and the defatted seed meal produced from it into insect biomass suitable for animal feed. Black soldier fly larvae (BSF, Hermetia illucens) can grow on a wide range of organic waste types, but may be hindered by excess protein or the plant toxins characteristic for these two oilseed crops, i.e. glucosinolates and their breakdown products. We tested the effects of 25, 50 and 100% oilseed by-product inclusion in the diet on survival, development, biomass production and fatty acid composition of BSF larvae. Larval performance on diets with up to 50% camelina by-product or 25% crambe by-product was similar to performance on control diet (chicken feed), and decreased with higher inclusion percentages. Larval fatty acid profiles differed significantly among diets, with larvae fed press cake more distinct from control than larvae fed seed meal. Larvae fed camelina press cake had more α-linolenic acid, whereas larvae fed crambe contained most oleic acid. The n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio decreased with increasing proportion of by-product, especially on camelina diets. Lauric acid content was highest in larvae fed 100% camelina meal or 50% crambe meal. These results indicate that BSF larvae can be successfully grown on diets with camelina or crambe oilseed by-products, and that the resulting larval n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio is favourable for animal feed. However, the fate of glucosinolates and their derivatives remains to be determined, to guarantee chemical safety of camelina- or crambe-fed BSF larvae for animal feed.

Standardisation of quantitative resource conversion studies with black soldier fly larvae

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Bosch ◽  
D.G.A.B. Oonincx ◽  
H.R. Jordan ◽  
J. Zhang ◽  
J.J.A. van Loon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Waste ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Global Industry ◽  
Exponential Increase ◽  
Experimental Feeding ◽  
Black Soldier Fly Larvae ◽  
Protein Rich ◽  
Conversion Efficiencies ◽  
Organic Resources

Using larvae of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens; BSF) to convert low-value residual organic resources into high-value products like protein-rich animal feed ingredients and biofuel while managing organic waste has developed into a global industry. Considering the associated exponential increase in publications dealing with diet conversion efficiency by BSF larvae, it is timely to suggest procedures to arrive at an improved harmonization and reproducibility among studies. This means establishing protocols for describing the basic experiment design, fly colony origin, rearing procedures, reference and experimental feeding substrates, and sampling preparations including microbiota and chemical analyses. Such standardised protocols are instrumental to allow conversion efficiencies to be calculated. Some of these parameters are relatively easy to describe such as giving the origin and rearing conditions, while others are more challenging (e.g. description of microbe community). In this article we discuss and propose such procedures with the aim to arrive at standardisation of how future resource conversion studies with BSF larvae are conducted and how results are communicated.

Biodiesel Production from Black Soldier Fly Larvae Derived from Food Waste by Non-Catalytic Transesterification

Energy ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 121700
Author(s):  
Sungyup Jung ◽  
Jong-Min Jung ◽  
Yiu Fai Tsang ◽  
Amit Bhatnagar ◽  
Wei-Hsin Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Black Soldier Fly Larvae ◽  
Fly Larvae

scholarly journals Effects of insecticides on mortality, growth and bioaccumulation in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0249362
Author(s):  
Nathan Meijer ◽  
Theo de Rijk ◽  
Joop J. A. van Loon ◽  
Lisa Zoet ◽  
H. J. van der Fels-Klerx
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Accumulation Factor ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Maximum Residue Level ◽  
Sequential Experiments ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Black Soldier Fly Larvae

Residues of persistent insecticides may be present in the substrates on which insects are reared for food and feed, which may affect insect growth or survival. In addition, insecticidal substances may bio-accumulate in reared insects. The objective of this study was to assess potential effects of selected insecticides on the growth and survival of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL, Hermetia illucens) and on their safety when used as animal feed. Six insecticides (chlorpyrifos, propoxur, cypermethrin, imidacloprid, spinosad, tebufenozide) with different modes of action were tested in two sequential experiments. Cypermethrin was also tested with the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO). Standard BSFL substrate was spiked to the respective maximum residue level (MRL) of each insecticide allowed by the European Union to occur in feed; and BSFL were reared on these substrates. Depending on the observed effects in the first experiment, spiked concentrations tested in the second experiment were increased or reduced. At the concentrations applied (1 and 10 times MRL), three of the six tested substances (chlorpyrifos, propoxur, tebufenozide) did not affect the survival or biomass growth of BSFL, compared to the control (non-spiked) treatments. At MRL, imidacloprid stimulated the growth of BSFL compared to the controls. Spinosad and cypermethrin at the MRL level negatively affected growth and survival. The effects of cypermethrin appeared to be augmented by addition of PBO. A mean bio-accumulation factor of ≤0.01 was found in both experiments for all substances–except for cypermethrin, which was comparatively high, but still below 1 (0.79 at 0.1 mg/kg). The lack of accumulation of insecticides in the larvae suggests that there is no risk of larval products being uncompliant with feed MRLs. However, we conclude that insecticides present in substrates may affect growth and survival of BSFL. More research on a larger variety of substances and insect species is recommended.

Legislative landscape of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) as feed

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
S. Alagappan ◽  
D. Rowland ◽  
R. Barwell ◽  
S.M.O. Mantilla ◽  
D. Mikkelsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Suitable Material ◽  
Regulatory Frameworks ◽  
Agricultural Household ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Black Soldier Fly Larvae

The demand for animal-based protein sources is increasing rapidly. The rearing of insects on bioproducts and their subsequent use as feedstock for animals has been receiving a lot of attention lately. Hermetia illucens, black soldier flies are highly investigated insects owing to their ability to reduce and transform different types of wastes, such as agricultural, household, municipal wastes, and human sludge. The nutritional composition and amino acid profile of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) raised on these organic wastes is similar to that of several feed constituents making it a suitable material for feed. However, the commercialisation of BSFL is limited due to prevailing unclear legislative requirements regarding their use as feed. In this paper, the legislative landscape involved in using BSFL as feed in different regions is addressed. European Union, Australia, Canada and USA specifically allow the trade and manufacture of BSFL as feed under specific conditions. Interestingly, most countries where entomophagy is a tradition, lack specific regulations concerning their use as feed and are currently drafting regulatory frameworks. Understanding the legislative layout is essential for harmonising the industrial upscaling of BSFL as animal feed.

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