scholarly journals The Combined Effect of Elevated O3 Levels and TYLCV Infection Increases the Fitness of Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean on Tomato Plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 1425-1433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongying Cui ◽  
Yucheng Sun ◽  
Zihua Zhao ◽  
Youjun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Elevated O3 ◽  
Pathogenesis Related Protein ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Infected Tomato

Abstract Global change and biotic stress, such as tropospheric contamination and virus infection, can individually modify the quality of host plants, thereby altering the palatability of the plant for herbivorous insects. The bottom-up effects of elevated O3 and tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) infection on tomato plants and the associated performance of Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean (MED) were determined in open-top chambers. Elevated O3 decreased eight amino acid levels and increased the salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) content and the gene expression of pathogenesis-related protein (PR1) and proteinase inhibitor (PI1) in both wild-type (CM) and JA defense-deficient tomato genotype (spr2). TYLCV infection and the combination of elevated O3 and TYLCV infection increased eight amino acids levels, SA content and PR1 expression, and decreased JA content and PI1 expression in both tomato genotypes. In uninfected tomato, elevated O3 increased developmental time and decreased fecundity by 6.1 and 18.8% in the CM, respectively, and by 6.8 and 18.9% in the spr2, respectively. In TYLCV-infected tomato, elevated O3 decreased developmental time and increased fecundity by 4.6 and 14.2%, respectively, in the CM and by 4.3 and 16.8%, respectively, in the spr2. These results showed that the interactive effects of elevated O3 and TYLCV infection partially increased the amino acid content and weakened the JA-dependent defense, resulting in increased population fitness of MED on tomato plants. This study suggests that whiteflies would be more successful at TYLCV-infected plants than at uninfected plants in elevated O3 levels.

scholarly journals Rate of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus Translocation in the Circulative Transmission Pathway of its Vector, the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murad Ghanim ◽  
Shai Morin ◽  
Henryk Czosnek
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Virus Genome ◽  
Tomato Yellow Leaf ◽  
Yellow Leaf ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Hemolymph Sample ◽  
Infected Tomato ◽  
Leaf Curl Virus ◽  
Leaf Curl

Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci, biotype B) were able to transmit Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) 8 h after they were caged with infected tomato plants. The spread of TYLCV during this latent period was followed in organs thought to be involved in the translocation of the virus in B. tabaci. After increasing acquisition access periods (AAPs) on infected tomato plants, the stylets, the head, the midgut, a hemolymph sample, and the salivary glands dissected from individual insects were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) without any treatment; the presence of TYLCV was assessed with virus-specific primers. TYLCV DNA was first detected in the head of B. tabaci after a 10-min AAP. The virus was present in the midgut after 40 min and was first detected in the hemolymph after 90 min. TYLCV was found in the salivary glands 5.5 h after it was first detected in the hemolymph. Subjecting the insect organs to immunocapture-PCR showed that the virus capsid protein was in the insect organs at the same time as the virus genome, suggesting that at least some TYLCV translocates as virions. Although females are more efficient as vectors than males, TYLCV was detected in the salivary glands of males and of females after approximately the same AAP.

scholarly journals The Induction of Tomato Leucine Aminopeptidase Genes (LapA) After Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato Infection Is Primarily a Wound Response Triggered by Coronatine

2001 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Véronique Pautot ◽  
Frances M. Holzer ◽  
Josette Chaufaux ◽  
Linda L. Walling
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Leucine Aminopeptidase ◽  
Wound Response ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Pr Genes ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Pathogenesis Related Protein ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Antisense Construct

Tomato plants constitutively express a neutral leucine aminopeptidase (LAP-N) and an acidic LAP (LAP-A) during floral development and in leaves in response to insect infestation, wounding, and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato infection. To assess the physiological roles of LAP-A, a LapA-antisense construct (35S:asLapA1) was introduced into tomato. The 35S:asLapA1 plants had greatly reduced or showed undetectable levels of LAP-A and LAP-N proteins in healthy and wounded leaves and during floral development. Despite the loss of these aminopeptidases, no global changes in protein profiles were noted. The 35S:asLapA1 plants also exhibited no significant alteration in floral development and did not impact the growth and development of Manduca sexta and P. syringae pv. tomato growth rates during compatible or incompatible infections. To investigate the mechanism underlying the strong induction of LapA upon P. syringae pv. tomato infection, LapA expression was monitored after infection with coronatine-producing and -deficient P. syringae pv. tomato strains. LapA RNA and activity were detected only with the coronatine-producing P. syringae pv. tomato strain. Coronatine treatment of excised shoots caused increases in RNAs for jasmonic acid (JA)-regulated wound-response genes (LapA and pin2) but did not influence expression of a JA-regulated pathogenesis-related protein gene (PR-1). These results indicated that coronatine mimicked the wound response but was insufficient to activate JA-regulated PR genes.

scholarly journals Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Benefits Its Thrips Vector by Modulating Metabolic and Plant Defense Pathways in Tomato

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Punya Nachappa ◽  
Jean Challacombe ◽  
David C. Margolies ◽  
James R. Nechols ◽  
Anna E. Whitfield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Total Free Amino Acid ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Infected Tomato ◽  
Wilt Virus

Several plant viruses modulate vector fitness and behavior in ways that may enhance virus transmission. Previous studies have documented indirect, plant-mediated effects of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) infection on the fecundity, growth and survival of its principal thrips vector, Frankliniella occidentalis, the western flower thrips. We conducted thrips performance and preference experiments combined with plant gene expression, phytohormone and total free amino acid analyses to determine if systemically-infected tomato plants modulate primary metabolic and defense-related pathways to culminate into a more favorable environment for the vector. In a greenhouse setting, we documented a significant increase in the number of offspring produced by F. occidentalis on TSWV-infected tomato plants compared to mock-inoculated plants, and in choice test assays, females exhibited enhanced settling on TSWV-infected leaves. Microarray analysis combined with phytohormone signaling pathway analysis revealed reciprocal modulation of key phytohormone pathways under dual attack, possibly indicating a coordinated and dampening defense against the vector on infected plants. TSWV infection, alone or in combination with thrips, suppressed genes associated with photosynthesis and chloroplast function thereby significantly impacting primary metabolism of the host plant, and hierarchical cluster and network analyses revealed that many of these genes were co-regulated with phytohormone defense signaling genes. TSWV infection increased expression of genes related to protein synthesis and degradation which was reflected in the increased total free amino acid content in virus-infected plants that harbored higher thrips populations. These results suggest coordinated gene networks that regulate plant primary metabolism and defense responses rendering virus-infected plants more conducive for vector colonization, an outcome that is potentially beneficial to the vector and the virus when considered within the context of the complex transmission biology of TSWV. To our knowledge this is the first study to identify global transcriptional networks that underlie the TSWV-thrips interaction as compared to a single mechanistic approach. Findings of this study increase our fundamental knowledge of host plant-virus-vector interactions and identifies underlying mechanisms of induced host susceptibility to the insect vector.

Effects of various fungicides in soil on water and amino acid transport in tomato plants

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (11) ◽  
pp. 2033-2036 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Thorn ◽  
L. T. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Transport ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Total Amino Acid Content ◽  
Primary Amino ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Monomethyl Ester

Nabam (I), methylmercury dicyandiamide (II), Dexon (III), nonenylsuccinic acid (IV) and its monomethyl ester (V), benomyl, Vitavax, Plantvax, and Uniroyal F849 and G696 were applied as drenches to the soil of potted tomato plants. Exudate collected for 6 h from the stumps of plants detopped 24 h after application of each chemical was markedly reduced in volume and total amino acid content by I–V but not the others. Relative levels of individual amino acids were little affected except that I induced changes in the relative amounts of several primary amino acids, and II increased alanine concentration in the exudates.

scholarly journals Tomato Chlorosis Virus Infection Facilitates Bemisia tabaci MED Reproduction by Elevating Vitellogenin Expression

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Liping Huang ◽  
Xiaobin Shi ◽  
Jizhe Shi ◽  
Zhuo Zhang ◽  
Yong Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Ovarian Development ◽  
Insect Vectors ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses ◽  
Infected Tomato ◽  
Tomato Chlorosis Virus ◽  
Q Biotype

Transmission of plant pathogenic viruses mostly relies on insect vectors. Plant virus could enhance its transmission by modulating the vector. Previously, we showed that feeding on virus infected plants can promote the reproduction of the sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci MED (Q biotype). In this study, using a whitefly-Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV)-tomato system, we investigated how ToCV modulates B. tabaci MED reproduction to facilitate its spread. Here, we hypothesized that ToCV-infected tomato plants would increase B. tabaci MED fecundity via elevated vitellogenin (Vg) gene expression. As a result, fecundity and the relative expression of B. tabaci MED Vg was measured on ToCV-infected and uninfected tomato plants on days 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24. The role of Vg on B. tabaci MED reproduction was examined in the presence and absence of ToCV using dietary RNAi. ToCV infection significantly increased B. tabaci MED fecundity on days 12, 16 and 20, and elevated Vg expression on days 8, 12 and 16. Both ovarian development and fecundity of B. tabaci MED were suppressed when Vg was silenced with or without ToCV infection. These combined results suggest that ToCV infection increases B. tabaci MED fecundity via elevated Vg expression.

scholarly journals Expanding Knowledge of the Host Range of Tomato chlorosis virus and Host Plant Preference of Bemisia tabaci MEAM1

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 1132-1137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnaldo E. Fariña ◽  
Jorge A. M. Rezende ◽  
William M. Wintermantel
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Chenopodium Quinoa ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Virus Acquisition ◽  
Infected Tomato ◽  
Primary Vector ◽  
Tomato Chlorosis Virus ◽  
Whitefly Vector

The crinivirus Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) is often found infecting tomato crops in Brazil, with variable incidence, but associated with prevalence of its primary vector, Bemisia tabaci MEAM1. ToCV control is difficult because there are no resistant commercial tomato varieties or hybrids available and chemical spray for control of the whitefly vector has not been effective. The present study evaluated the partial host range of a Brazilian isolate of ToCV and the preference of B. tabaci MEAM1 for oviposition on those species identified as susceptible to the virus. Subsequently, transmission tests were performed using plants of each ToCV host species as sources of inoculum to elucidate the epidemiological importance of nontomato sources of inoculum for infection of tomato. Among 80 species experimentally inoculated, 25 were susceptible, including 6 previously not known to be hosts (Jaltomata procumbens, Physalis pruinosa, Solanum aculeatissimum, S. viarum, Beta vulgaris var. cicla, and Chenopodium quinoa). Preference of whitefly for oviposition and infection by ToCV under free-choice transmission tests varied among the susceptible species. When ToCV-infected tomato, eggplant, and C. quinoa were used separately as sources of inoculum for virus transmission to tomato plants, mean percentages of infected plants were 76.6, 3, and 0%, respectively. Average oviposition of Bemisia tabaci on these three hosts were 2.7, 10.6, and 0.0 eggs/cm2, respectively. Additional studies will be necessary to evaluate the importance of ToCV host plants under field conditions and their efficiency as sources of inoculum for virus acquisition and transmission to tomato crops.

scholarly journals The Antifungal Activity of Ag/CHI NPs against Rhizoctonia solani Linked with Tomato Plant Health

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2283
Author(s):  
Ameena A. Al-Surhanee ◽  
Muhammad Afzal ◽  
Nahla Alsayed Bouqellah ◽  
Salama A. Ouf ◽  
Sajid Muhammad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Physiology ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Plant Health ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Related Protein ◽  
Ag Nps ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Pathogenesis Related Protein ◽  
Pathogenesis Related

Pathogenic infestations are significant threats to vegetable yield, and have become an urgent problem to be solved. Rhizoctonia solani is one of the worst fungi affecting tomato crops, reducing yield in some regions. It is a known fact that plants have their own defense against such infestations; however, it is unclear whether any exogenous material can help plants against infestation. Therefore, we performed greenhouse experiments to evaluate the impacts of R. solani on 15- and 30-day old tomato plants after fungal infestation, and estimated the antifungal activity of nanoparticles (NPs) against the pathogen. We observed severe pathogenic impacts on the above-ground tissues of tomato plants which would affect plant physiology and crop production. Pathogenic infection reduced total chlorophyll and anthocyanin contents, which subsequently disturbed plant physiology. Further, total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were significantly increased in pathogen treatments. Constitutively, enhanced activities were estimated for catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS)in pathogen-treated plants. Moreover, pathogenesis-related genes, namely, chitinase, plant glutathione S-transferase (GST), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL1), pathogenesis-related protein (PR12), and pathogenesis-related protein (PR1) were evaluated, with significant differences between treated and control plants. In vitro and greenhouse antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), chitosan nanoparticles, and Ag NPs/CHI NPs composites and plant health was studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometry. We found astonishing results, namely, that Ag and CHI have antifungal activities against R. solani. Overall, plant health was much improved following treatment with Ag NPs/CHI NPs composites. In order to manage R. solani pathogenicity and improve tomato health, Ag/CHI NPs composites could be used infield as well as on commercial levels based on recommendations. However, there is an urgent need to first evaluate whether these NP composites have any secondary impacts on human health or the environment.

scholarly journals Current Overview of Allergens of Plant Pathogenesis Related Protein Families

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mau Sinha ◽  
Rashmi Prabha Singh ◽  
Gajraj Singh Kushwaha ◽  
Naseer Iqbal ◽  
Avinash Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Pr Proteins ◽  
Antigenic Determinants ◽  
Related Protein ◽  
Protein Families ◽  
Pathogenesis Related Protein ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Plant Pathogenesis

Pathogenesis related (PR) proteins are one of the major sources of plant derived allergens. These proteins are induced by the plants as a defense response system in stress conditions like microbial and insect infections, wounding, exposure to harsh chemicals, and atmospheric conditions. However, some plant tissues that are more exposed to environmental conditions like UV irradiation and insect or fungal attacks express these proteins constitutively. These proteins are mostly resistant to proteases and most of them show considerable stability at low pH. Many of these plant pathogenesis related proteins are found to act as food allergens, latex allergens, and pollen allergens. Proteins having similar amino acid sequences among the members of PR proteins may be responsible for cross-reactivity among allergens from diverse plants. This review analyzes the different pathogenesis related protein families that have been reported as allergens. Proteins of these families have been characterized in regard to their biological functions, amino acid sequence, and cross-reactivity. The three-dimensional structures of some of these allergens have also been evaluated to elucidate the antigenic determinants of these molecules and to explain the cross-reactivity among the various allergens.

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