Assessment of Alternative Candidate Subcortical Insect Vectors From Walnut Crowns in Habitats Quarantined for Thousand Cankers Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 882-893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karandeep Chahal ◽  
Romina Gazis ◽  
William Klingeman ◽  
Denita Hadziabdic ◽  
Paris Lambdin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Geosmithia Morbida ◽  
Pityophthorus Juglandis ◽  
Thousand Cankers Disease ◽  
Baited Traps ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Xylosandrus Germanus

Abstract Thousand cankers disease (TCD) results from the combined activity of the fungal pathogen, Geosmithia morbida Kolařík, Freeland, Utley, and Tisserat and its principle vector, Pityophthorus juglandis (Blackman) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in Juglans L. spp. and Pterocarya Kunth spp. host plants. TCD has been reported from the eastern and western United States. To evaluate potential for other beetle species to vector the fungus in east Tennessee, specimens were collected using ethanol-baited traps that were suspended beneath crowns of TCD-symptomatic trees. Associations of G. morbida with insect species collected in traps were assessed in an unsuccessful, preliminary culture-based fungal assay, and then with a molecular-based detection method. For culture-based assays, rinsate from washed, individual insects was plated on nutrient media and growing colonies were subcultured to obtain axenic G. morbida cultures for identification. For the molecular-based method, G. morbida presence was detected by amplifying the previously developed, species-specific microsatellite locus GS004. Capillary electrophoresis was used to detect the amplified amplicons and representative reactions were validated using Sanger sequencing. Eleven beetle species were found to carry G. morbida, including Cnestus mutilatus (Blandford), Dryoxylon onoharaensum (Murayama), Hylocurus rudis (LeConte), Monarthrum fasciatum (Say), Monarthrum mali (Fitch), Xyleborinus saxesenii (Ratzeburg), Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky), Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford) (all Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), Stenomimus pallidus (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Cossoninae), Oxoplatypus quadridentatus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae), and Xylops basilaris (Say) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). These findings raise concerns that alternative subcortical insect species that already occur within quarantined habitats can sustain incidence of introduced G. morbida and contribute to spread within the native range of black walnut, Juglans nigra L., in the eastern United States.

scholarly journals Detection of Geosmithia morbida on Numerous Insect Species in Four Eastern States

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Moore ◽  
Jennifer Juzwik ◽  
Fredric Miller ◽  
Leah Roberts ◽  
Matthew D. Ginzel
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Juglans Nigra ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Geosmithia Morbida ◽  
Pityophthorus Juglandis ◽  
Thousand Cankers Disease ◽  
Branch Dieback ◽  
Walnut Twig Beetle ◽  
Β Tubulin

Thousand cankers disease is caused by the coalescence of numerous Geosmithia morbida cankers on branches and stems of Juglans species, leading to branch dieback and eventual tree death. The fungus sporulates in galleries of the walnut twig beetle (Pityophthorus juglandis), allowing for acquisition of pathogen propagules and its subsequent transmission to other branches or trees following adult emergence. Recently, G. morbida has been isolated from Xylosandrus crassiusculus and Xyleborinus saxesenii collected in Ohio and Stenomimus pallidus collected in Indiana. These beetles are known to colonize diseased Juglans nigra in these states. In this study, an operational trap survey for ambrosia beetles, bark beetles, and other weevils was conducted in four eastern states, and captured beetles were assayed to detect G. morbida using both culture and PCR-based methods. A new primer pair (GmF3/GmR13), based on the β-tubulin region, was designed for G. morbida DNA detection. The pathogen was detected on 18 insect species using molecular methods, and live cultures were isolated from two species. This is the first report of the pathogen in Illinois and Minnesota.

scholarly journals Geosmithia morbida Found on Weevil Species Stenomimus pallidus in Indiana

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Juzwik ◽  
Mark T. Banik ◽  
Sharon E. Reed ◽  
James T. English ◽  
Matthew D. Ginzel
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Juglans Nigra ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
First Report ◽  
Weevil Species ◽  
Geosmithia Morbida ◽  
Pityophthorus Juglandis ◽  
Thousand Cankers Disease ◽  
Canker Pathogen

The canker pathogen Geosmithia morbida is known to be transmitted to Juglans species by the bark beetle Pityophthorus juglandis, and to lead to development of thousand cankers disease. In an Indiana-wide trap-tree survey of ambrosia and bark beetles and weevils colonizing stressed Juglans nigra, G. morbida was detected on three Stenomimus pallidus weevils emerged from two trees on one site. This is the first report of the pathogen in Indiana and the first report of the fungus from an insect species other than P. juglandis. Accepted for publication 22 October 2014. Published 12 January 2015.

Geosmithia morbida (thousand cankers disease).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Stewart
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Disease Complex ◽  
Inner Bark ◽  
Geosmithia Morbida ◽  
Pityophthorus Juglandis ◽  
Thousand Cankers Disease ◽  
Walnut Twig Beetle

Abstract Thousand Cankers Disease is a disease complex native to the western United States that affects many Juglans and Pterocarya species, i.e. walnut and wingnut trees. It is caused by the fungus Geosmithia morbida, which is vectored by the walnut twig beetle (Pityophthorus juglandis), and possibly by other insects. The beetle carries fungal spores that are introduced into the tree during gallery construction, and the fungus then causes cankers in the inner bark that disrupt the flow of nutrients throughout the tree, often leading to its death. In recent years the disease has been reported in several eastern states, and also in Italy. Long-distance spread is thought to be a result of the movement of infected and infested wood.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of Walnut and Hickory Species to Geosmithia morbida

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (5) ◽  
pp. 601-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curtis Utley ◽  
Tivonne Nguyen ◽  
Tatiana Roubtsova ◽  
Mark Coggeshall ◽  
Tim M. Ford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Geosmithia Morbida ◽  
Pityophthorus Juglandis ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
Walnut Twig Beetle ◽  
Native Host ◽  
Half Sibling

Thousand cankers disease (TCD) of walnut is a result of feeding in the phloem by the walnut twig beetle (WTB), Pityophthorus juglandis, and subsequent canker formation caused by Geosmithia morbida around galleries. TCD has caused extensive morbidity and mortality to Juglans nigra in the western United States and, in 2010, was discovered in the eastern United States, where the tree is a highly valuable timber resource. WTB and G. morbida also have been found in J. regia orchards throughout major production areas in California, and the numbers of damaged trees are increasing. We tested the susceptibility of walnut and hickory species to G. morbida in greenhouse and field studies. Carya illinoinensis, C. aquatica, and C. ovata were immune. All walnut species tested, including J. ailantifolia, J. californica, J. cinerea, J. hindsii, J. major, J. mandshurica, J. microcarpa, J. nigra, and J. regia, developed cankers following inoculation with G. morbida. J. nigra was the most susceptible, whereas J. major, a native host of the WTB and, presumably, G. morbida, had smaller and more superficial cankers. Canker formation differed among maternal half-sibling families of J. nigra and J. cinerea, indicating genetic variability in resistance to G. morbida. Our inoculation studies with G. morbida have corroborated many of the field observations on susceptibility of walnut and hickory species to TCD, although the ability of the WTB to successfully attack and breed in walnut is also an important component in TCD resistance.

Wingnut (Juglandaceae) as a new generic host forPityophthorus juglandis(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and the thousand cankers disease pathogen,Geosmithia morbida(Ascomycota: Hypocreales)

2015 ◽  
Vol 148 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacy M. Hishinuma ◽  
Paul L. Dallara ◽  
Mohammad A. Yaghmour ◽  
Marcelo M. Zerillo ◽  
Corwin M. Parker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Geosmithia Morbida ◽  
Thousand Cankers Disease ◽  
First Occurrence

AbstractThe walnut twig beetle (WTB),Pityophthorus juglandisBlackman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), vectors a fungus,Geosmithia morbidaKolařík, Freeland, Utley, and Tisserat (Ascomycota: Hypocreales), which colonises and kills the phloem of walnut and butternut trees,JuglansLinnaeus (Juglandaceae). Over the past two decades, this condition, known as thousand cankers disease (TCD), has led to the widespread mortality ofJuglansspecies in the United States of America. Recently the beetle and pathogen were discovered on severalJuglansspecies in northern Italy. Little is known about the extra-generic extent of host acceptability and suitability for the WTB. We report the occurrence of both the WTB andG. morbidain three species of wingnut,Pterocarya fraxinifoliaSpach,Pterocarya rhoifoliaSiebold and Zuccarini, andPterocarya stenopterade Candolle (Juglandaceae) growing in the United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, National Clonal Germplasm Repository collection in northern California (NCGR) and in the Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden in southern California, United States of America. In two instances (once inP. stenopteraand once inP. fraxinifolia) teneral (i.e., brood) adult WTB emerged and were collected more than four months after infested branch sections had been collected in the field. Koch’s postulates were satisfied with an isolate ofG. morbidafromP. stenoptera, confirming this fungus as the causal agent of TCD in this host. A survey of the 37PterocaryaKunth accessions at the NCGR revealed that 46% of the trees had WTB attacks and/or symptoms ofG. morbidainfection. The occurrence of other subcortical Coleoptera associated withPterocaryaand the first occurrence of the polyphagous shot hole borer, a species nearEuwallacea fornicatusEichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), inJuglansare also documented.

First Report of Geosmithia morbida and Pityophthorus juglandis Causing Thousand Cankers Disease in Butternut

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryna Serdani ◽  
Joshua J. Vlach ◽  
Kelly L. Wallis ◽  
Marcelo Zerillo ◽  
Tim McCleary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Infection ◽  
First Report ◽  
Geosmithia Morbida ◽  
Pityophthorus Juglandis ◽  
Thousand Cankers Disease

To our knowledge, this is the first report of natural infection of butternut by G. morbida and P. juglandis. Accepted for publication 15 October 2013. Published 18 October 2013.

scholarly journals Effect of Bark Application With Beauveria bassiana and Permethrin Insecticide on the Walnut Twig Beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Black Walnut Bolts

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 2493-2496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert E Mayfield ◽  
Jennifer Juzwik ◽  
Jamison Scholer ◽  
John D Vandenberg ◽  
Adam Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Black Walnut ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Pityophthorus Juglandis ◽  
Thousand Cankers Disease ◽  
Commercial Applications ◽  
Walnut Twig Beetle

Abstract Formulations of entomopathogenic (insect-killing) fungi represent alternatives to synthetic insecticides in the management of forest and shade tree insects. We evaluated bark spray applications of the entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) strain GHA (BotaniGardES), permethrin insecticide (Astro), and water (control) on colonization of black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) (Fagales: Juglandaceae) bolts by the walnut twig beetle (Pityophthorus juglandis Blackman) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), vector of the fungus that causes thousand cankers disease. Treated bolts were baited with a P. juglandis aggregation pheromone lure and deployed in infested walnut trees. Bark application of permethrin prevented P. juglandis colonization of the phloem. Although treatment of bolts with the B. bassiana suspension did not reduce P. juglandis colonization or short-term emergence relative to the control treatment, it increased the B. bassiana infection rate from 25 to 62% of emerged adults. Results suggest that commercial applications of B. bassiana strain GHA may help augment natural levels of infection by this entomopathogen in the eastern United States, and support continued exploration of entomopathogens for biological control of the walnut twig beetle.

scholarly journals Trapping Failure Leads to Discovery of Potent Semiochemical Repellent for the Walnut Twig Beetle

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (6) ◽  
pp. 2772-2784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jackson P Audley ◽  
Paul L Dallara ◽  
Lori J Nelson ◽  
Shakeeb M Hamud ◽  
Richard M Bostock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Release Rate ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Field Trapping ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Trap Catch ◽  
Pityophthorus Juglandis ◽  
Thousand Cankers Disease ◽  
Baited Traps ◽  
Walnut Twig Beetle ◽  
Trap Catches

Abstract The walnut twig beetle, Pityophthorus juglandis Blackman, and its associated fungal pathogen that causes thousand cankers disease, currently threaten the viability of walnut trees across much of North America. During a 2011 assessment of seasonal flight patterns of P. juglandis with yellow sticky traps baited with the male-produced aggregation pheromone component, 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol, dramatically reduced catches were recorded when Tree Tanglefoot adhesive was used to coat the traps. In summer 2011, two trap adhesives were tested for potential repellency against P. juglandis in a field trapping bioassay. SuperQ extracts of volatiles from the most repellent adhesive were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and limonene and α-pinene were identified as predominant components. In field-based, trapping experiments both enantiomers of limonene at a release rate of ~700 mg/d conferred 91–99% reduction in trap catches of P. juglandis to pheromone-baited traps. (+)- and (‒)-α-Pinene reduced trap catch by 40 and 53%, respectively, at the highest release rate tested. While a combination of R-(+)-limonene and (+)-α-pinene resulted in a 97% reduction in the number of P. juglandis caught, the combination did not consistently result in greater flight trap catch reduction than individual limonene enantiomers. The repellent effect of limonene may be valuable in the development of a semiochemical-based tool for management of P. juglandis and thousand cankers disease.

INSECTS ASSOCIATED WITH PEACH WOOD IN EASTERN UNITED STATES

1972 ◽  
Vol 104 (10) ◽  
pp. 1593-1608 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Dolphin ◽  
T. E. Mouzin ◽  
M. L. Cleveland
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Synanthedon Pictipes ◽  
Dormant Season ◽  
Wood Boring

AbstractLesser peachtree borers, Synanthedon pictipes (Grote & Robinson), were the principal insect species collected from caged peach wood, and American plum borers, Euzophera semifuneralis (Walker), were the second most common species. However, the population was diverse: 8 orders, 99 families, 222 genera, and 239 species were represented. Wood-boring insects were represented by 3 orders and 11 families. Many insects were apparently transients and were on the peach wood for protection during the dormant season when the peach wood was cut.

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