Nonconsumptive Predator-Prey Interactions: Sensitivity of the Detritivore Sinella curviseta (Collembola: Entomobryidae) to Cues of Predation Risk From the Spider Pardosa milvina (Araneae: Lycosidae)

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. I. Sitvarin ◽  
C. Romanchek ◽  
A. L. Rypstra
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Pardosa Milvina

scholarly journals Temperature alters the physiological response of spiny lobsters under predation risk

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe A Briceño ◽  
Quinn P Fitzgibbon ◽  
Elias T Polymeropoulos ◽  
Iván A Hinojosa ◽  
Gretta T Pecl
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Predation Risk ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Energetic Costs ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Predator Prey Model ◽  
Spiny Lobsters

Abstract Predation risk can strongly shape prey ecological traits, with specific anti-predator responses displayed to reduce encounters with predators. Key environmental drivers, such as temperature, can profoundly modulate prey energetic costs in ectotherms, although we currently lack knowledge of how both temperature and predation risk can challenge prey physiology and ecology. Such uncertainties in predator–prey interactions are particularly relevant for marine regions experiencing rapid environmental changes due to climate change. Using the octopus (Octopus maorum)–spiny lobster (Jasus edwardsii) interaction as a predator–prey model, we examined different metabolic traits of sub adult spiny lobsters under predation risk in combination with two thermal scenarios: ‘current’ (20°C) and ‘warming’ (23°C), based on projections of sea-surface temperature under climate change. We examined lobster standard metabolic rates to define the energetic requirements at specific temperatures. Routine metabolic rates (RMRs) within a respirometer were used as a proxy of lobster activity during night and day time, and active metabolic rates, aerobic scope and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption were used to assess the energetic costs associated with escape responses (i.e. tail-flipping) in both thermal scenarios. Lobster standard metabolic rate increased at 23°C, suggesting an elevated energetic requirement (39%) compared to 20°C. Unthreatened lobsters displayed a strong circadian pattern in RMR with higher rates during the night compared with the day, which were strongly magnified at 23°C. Once exposed to predation risk, lobsters at 20°C quickly reduced their RMR by ~29%, suggesting an immobility or ‘freezing’ response to avoid predators. Conversely, lobsters acclimated to 23°C did not display such an anti-predator response. These findings suggest that warmer temperatures may induce a change to the typical immobility predation risk response of lobsters. It is hypothesized that heightened energetic maintenance requirements at higher temperatures may act to override the normal predator-risk responses under climate-change scenarios.

Crypsis influences escape decisions in the Round-tailed Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma modestum)

2010 ◽  
Vol 88 (10) ◽  
pp. 1003-1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Cooper, ◽  
Wade C. Sherbrooke
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Predation Risk ◽  
Upright Posture ◽  
Flight Initiation Distance ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Sandy Area ◽  
Lower Body Temperature ◽  
Flight Initiation

Flight initiation distance (predator–prey distance when escape begins) increases as predation risk increases. Prey should have longer flight initiation distance when their background, movement, or current posture reduces crypsis. Flight initiation distance of ectotherms may increase at lower body temperature to compensate for slower running speed. However, for cryptic prey, fleeing might increase the probability of being detected. The Round-tailed Horned Lizard ( Phrynosoma modestum Girard, 1852) is eucryptic and resembles small stones. We predicted that flight initiation distance by P. modestum is shorter among stones than on uniform sand. Because movement and upright posture disrupt crypsis, we predicted that flight initiation distance is greater after movement and when standing than when still and lying on the ground. As predicted, flight initiation distances were shorter on a rocky than sandy area, when lying flat than standing, and while immobile than after moving. We measured running speed and flight initiation distance to determine relationships among body temperature, speed, and escape decisions. Running speed and flight initiation distance were reduced at lower body temperature, suggesting that crypsis reinforced by immobility is more advantageous than longer flight initiation distance for cool, slow lizards. The lizards adjusted escape decisions to current effectiveness of crypsis and escape ability.

The wolf spider Pardosa milvina detects predator threat level using only vibratory cues

Behaviour ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 153 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael I. Sitvarin ◽  
Shira D. Gordon ◽  
George W. Uetz ◽  
Ann L. Rypstra
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Wolf Spider ◽  
Multiple Modalities ◽  
Predator Cues ◽  
Pardosa Milvina ◽  
Threat Level ◽  
Predator Threat

Predators may inadvertently signal their presence and threat level by way of signals in multiple modalities. We used a spider, Pardosa milvina, known to respond adaptively to chemotactile predator cues (i.e., silk, faeces and other excreta) to evaluate whether it could also discriminate predation risk from isolated vibratory cues. Vibrations from its prey, conspecifics, and predators (Tigrosa helluo and Scarites quadriceps) were recorded and played back to Pardosa. In addition, we recorded predator vibrations with and without access to chemotactile cues from Pardosa, indicating the presence of prey. Pardosa did not appear to discriminate between vibrations from prey or conspecifics, but the response to predators depended on the presence of cues from Pardosa. Vibrations from predators with access to chemotactile cues from prey induced reductions in Pardosa activity. Predator cues typically occur in multiple modalities, but prey are capable of imperfectly evaluating predation risk using a limited subset of information.

scholarly journals Separating spatial search and efficiency rates as components of predation risk

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1747) ◽  
pp. 4626-4633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. DeCesare
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Resource Selection ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Search Rate ◽  
Proportional Hazard ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Multiple Components ◽  
Predation Efficiency ◽  
Aggregative Response ◽  
Spatial Hazard

Predation risk is an important driver of ecosystems, and local spatial variation in risk can have population-level consequences by affecting multiple components of the predation process. I use resource selection and proportional hazard time-to-event modelling to assess the spatial drivers of two key components of risk—the search rate (i.e. aggregative response) and predation efficiency rate (i.e. functional response)—imposed by wolves ( Canis lupus ) in a multi-prey system. In my study area, both components of risk increased according to topographic variation, but anthropogenic features affected only the search rate. Predicted models of the cumulative hazard, or risk of a kill, underlying wolf search paths validated well with broad-scale variation in kill rates, suggesting that spatial hazard models provide a means of scaling up from local heterogeneity in predation risk to population-level dynamics in predator–prey systems. Additionally, I estimated an integrated model of relative spatial predation risk as the product of the search and efficiency rates, combining the distinct contributions of spatial heterogeneity to each component of risk.

scholarly journals Sharks shape the geometry of a selfish seal herd: experimental evidence from seal decoys

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alta De Vos ◽  
M. Justin O'Riain
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Predation Risk ◽  
Prey Species ◽  
Group Formation ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Selfish Herd ◽  
Fur Seal ◽  
Cape Fur Seal ◽  
Shark Attacks ◽  
Proportional Reduction

Many animals respond to predation risk by forming groups. Evolutionary explanations for group formation in previously ungrouped, but loosely associated prey have typically evoked the selfish herd hypothesis. However, despite over 600 studies across a diverse array of taxa, the critical assumptions of this hypothesis have remained collectively untested, owing to several confounding problems in real predator–prey systems. To solve this, we manipulated the domains of danger of Cape fur seal ( Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus ) decoys to provide evidence that a selfish reduction in a seals' domain of danger results in a proportional reduction in its predation risk from ambush shark attacks. This behaviour confers a survival advantage to individual seals within a group and explains the evolution of selfish herds in a prey species. These findings empirically elevate Hamilton's selfish herd hypothesis to more than a ‘theoretical curiosity’.

scholarly journals Weak spatiotemporal response of prey to predation risk in a freely interacting system

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy J. Cusack ◽  
Michel T. Kohl ◽  
Matthew C. Metz ◽  
Tim Coulson ◽  
Daniel R. Stahler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Null Model ◽  
Space Use ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
List Type ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Risk Of Predation ◽  
Spatiotemporal Scales ◽  
Spatiotemporal Response

AbstractThe extent to which prey space use actively minimises predation risk continues to ignite controversy. Methodological reasons that have hindered consensus include inconsistent measurements of predation risk, biased spatiotemporal scales at which responses are measured, and lack of robust null expectations.We addressed all three challenges in a comprehensive analysis of the spatiotemporal responses of adult female elk (Cervus elaphus) to the risk of predation by grey wolves (Canis lupus) during winter in northern Yellowstone, USA.We quantified spatial overlap between the winter home ranges of GPS-collared elk and three measures of predation risk: the intensity of wolf space use, the distribution of wolf-killed elk and vegetation openness. We also assessed whether elk varied their use of areas characterised by more or less predation risk across hours of the day, and estimated encounter rates between simultaneous elk and wolf pack trajectories. We determined whether observed values were significantly lower than expected if elk movements were random with reference to predation risk using a null model approach.Although a small proportion of elk did show a tendency to minimise use of open vegetation at specific times of the day, overall we highlight a notable absence of spatiotemporal response by female elk to the risk of predation posed by wolves in northern Yellowstone.Our results suggest that predator-prey interactions may not always result in strong spatiotemporal patterns of avoidance.

scholarly journals The effects of predation risk on female silk deposition and male response to predator-cued conspecifics in the wolf spider, Pardosa milvina (Araneae: Lycosidae)

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander L. Sweger ◽  
Michael Marr ◽  
Adam Satteson ◽  
Ann L. Rypstra ◽  
Matthew H. Persons
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Wolf Spider ◽  
Male Response ◽  
Pardosa Milvina
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