Seasonal Abundance and Infectivity of Philaenus spumarius (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae), a Vector of Xylella fastidiosa in California Vineyards

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dylan J Beal ◽  
Monica Cooper ◽  
Matthew P Daugherty ◽  
Alexander H Purcell ◽  
Rodrigo P P Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Seasonal Abundance ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Philaenus Spumarius ◽  
Transmission Rates ◽  
The North ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Alternative Hypotheses ◽  
Sweep Net ◽  
Meadow Spittlebug

Abstract The meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae), is a vector of the plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa; however, its role in recent outbreaks of Pierce’s disease of grapevine (PD) in California is unclear. While the phenology and ecology of P. spumarius can help determine its contributions to PD epidemics, both remain poorly described in the North Coast vineyards of California. We assessed the phenology of P. spumarius in the region. Spittlemasses were first observed in February or March, while the emergence of adult spittlebugs did not occur until April or May depending on the year. Analysis of sweep and trap data from 2016 to 2018 revealed significant effects of survey month, vineyard site, and year on adult abundance in sweep and trap surveys. Spittlebug adults were present in the vineyards from April until December, with the greatest number of adults by sweep net in May or June, whereas adults on traps peaked between July and November. Analysis of natural infectivity in groups of field-collected spittlebug adults showed significant difference in transmission rates among months. Spittlebugs successfully transmitted Xylella fastidiosa (Wells) (Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae) to potted grapevines between July and December. The greatest risk of X. fastidiosa transmission by P. spumarius was in December (60%) followed by October (30%). However, the infectivity patterns of the meadow spittlebug did not align with the historical paradigm of California North Coast PD. We discuss alternative hypotheses in which P. spumarius could play a role in the epidemiology of this disease.

scholarly journals Community of macroparasites of the Pacific barracuda Sphyraena ensis Jordan and Gilbert, 1882 (Perciformes, Sphyraenidae) from the north coast of Peru

2021 ◽  
pp. 273-287
Author(s):  
D. Minaya ◽  
D. Ferre ◽  
M. García ◽  
L. Alvariño ◽  
J. Iannacone
Keyword(s):  
Total Body Length ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Eastern Pacific Ocean ◽  
Female Fish ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Body ◽  
North Coast Of Peru

This study aimed to report the community of macroparasites of the Pacific barracuda Sphyraena ensis Jordan and Gilbert, 1882 (Perciformes, Sphyraenidae) from the north coast of Peru. From September to October 2019, 138 specimens of S. ensis were acquired from Caleta de Zorritos, Contralmirante Villar Province, Tumbes, on the north coast of Peru. The community of parasites found consisted of nine species of parasites including monogeneans, copepods, trematodes and nematodes. The total body length of the fish was negatively correlated with the mean intensity of infestation of Pseudochauhanea sp. The mean abundance of Pseudochauhanea sp. also showed a marked significant difference between the populations of male and female fish, being more associated with males. We provide a list of macroparasites recorded in fish of the genus Sphyraena in the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Checklist dataset published through GBIF (Doi: 10.15470/5htffh)

scholarly journals Transmission of Xylella fastidiosa Subspecies Pauca Sequence Type 53 by Different Insect Species

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Cavalieri ◽  
Giuseppe Altamura ◽  
Giulio Fumarola ◽  
Michele di Carolo ◽  
Maria Saponari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Seasonal Abundance ◽  
Philaenus Spumarius ◽  
Olive Groves ◽  
Sap Feeding ◽  
Olive Quick Decline Syndrome ◽  
Exotic Pathogen

Diseases associated with Xylella fastidiosa have been described mostly in North and South America. However, during the last five years, widespread X. fastidiosa infections have been reported in a constrained area of the Apulia region (southern Italy), in olives trees suffering a severe disease, denoted as Olive Quick Decline Syndrome (OQDS). Because many xylem sap-feeding insects can function as vectors for the transmission of this exotic pathogen in EU, several research programs are ongoing to assess the role of candidate vectors in the spread of the infections. Initial investigations identified Philaenus spumarius (L.) as the predominant vector species in the olive orchards affected by the OQDS. Additional experiments have been carried out during 2016 and 2017 to assess the role of other species. More specifically, adults of the spittlebugs Philaenus italosignus Drosopolous and Remane, Neophilaenus campestris (Fallen) and of the planthopper Latilica tunetana (Matsumura) (Issidae) have been tested in transmission experiments to assess their ability to acquire the bacterium from infected olives and to infect different susceptible hosts (olives, almond, myrtle –leaf milkwort, periwinkle). Acquisition rates determined by testing individual insects in quantitative PCR assays, ranging from 5.6% in N. campestris to 22.2% in P. italosignus, whereas no acquisition was recorded for L. tunetana. Successful transmissions were detected in the recipient plants exposed to P. italosignus and N. campestris, whereas no trasmissions occurred with L. tunetana. The known vector Philaenus spumarius has been included in all the experiments for validation. The systematic surveys conducted in 2016 and 2017 provided further evidence on the population dynamics and seasonal abundance of the spittlebug populations in the olive groves.

Spatial and temporal microsatellite variation in spawning Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, around Iceland

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (8) ◽  
pp. 1151-1158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guðni Magnús Eiríksson ◽  
Einar Árnason
Keyword(s):  
Allele Frequency ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Genetic Difference ◽  
North Coast ◽  
The South ◽  
Microsatellite Variation ◽  
The North ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference

The present study suggests that the observed genetic difference between Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, off the south and the north coast of Iceland may be caused by natural selection affecting genetic variation at a microsatellite loci (Gmo34). When disregarding this locus from the analysis, no genetic difference was observed between northern and southern Iceland. The methods applied here were very sensitive, and differences as small as FST = 0.0005 are unlikely to go unnoticed. The difference between cod off the south and the north coast of Iceland is thus likely to be smaller than that. Such a small difference is negligible and is not likely to have any biological meaning. Genetic drift was detected by allele frequency comparison among different cohorts (FST = 0.0007, P = 0.0209). A small but significant difference was observed among allele frequency for cod grouped by depth at the south coast of Iceland (FST = 0.0017, P = 0.0002). This difference is very subtle and needs to be interpreted with caution.

Genetic and environmental effects on a temperament score in beef cattle

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 723 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Hearnshaw ◽  
CA Morris
Keyword(s):  
Bos Taurus ◽  
New South ◽  
North Coast ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Difference

Temperament scores were taken on 8-month-old calves from five calf drops (1976-80) and over three sections of a large crossbreeding trial on the North Coast of New South Wales. A 0-5 scale was used, with lower values for quieter cattle. The heritability �s.e. of temperament score of Bos taurus calves (sired by Hereford, Simmental and Friesian bulls) was 0.03�0.28, and for B. indicus-sired calves (Brahman, Braford and Africander bulls) 0.46�0.37, and for all data combined 0.44�0.25. There was a significant difference (P < 0.01) between the mean score of Brahman-sired halfbred calves (1.96) and B. taurus-sired calves (1.05). The difference was halved to 0.45 points for quarterbred Brahman calves versus B. taurus calves, i.e. as expected for an additive trait. There were significant differences in temperament among calves sired by B. indicus bulls, but there were no significant differences amongst the B. taurus sire breeds. The repeatability (mean � s.e.) of operators' score of 701 weaner calves was 0.67�0.08. From temperament scores of 315 cows at weaning in 1981, an operator repeatability of 0.82�0.08 was obtained. Correlations of cow and calf score were not consistent, but averaged 0.18�0.04 from 547 records. The repeatability of scores taken at two separate times on 132 calves, was 0.43�0.09. The group given a medium level of nutrition had significantly higher temperament scores than those given high or low levels. Sex effects were not significant on scores at weaning. A log transformation of the data equalized the variance of scores of different breeds, but did not affect the conclusions.

scholarly journals Community of macroparasites of the Pacific barracuda Sphyraena ensis Jordan and Gilbert, 1882 (Perciformes, Sphyraenidae) from the north coast of Peru

2021 ◽  
pp. 273-287
Author(s):  
D. Minaya ◽  
D. Ferre ◽  
M. García ◽  
L. Alvariño ◽  
I. Iannacone
Keyword(s):  
Total Body Length ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Eastern Pacific Ocean ◽  
Female Fish ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Body ◽  
North Coast Of Peru

This study aimed to report the community of macroparasites of the Pacific barracuda Sphyraena ensis Jordan and Gilbert, 1882 (Perciformes, Sphyraenidae) from the north coast of Peru. From September to October 2019, 138 specimens of S. ensis were acquired from Caleta de Zorritos, Contralmirante Villar Province, Tumbes, on the north coast of Peru. The community of parasites found consisted of nine species of parasites including monogeneans, copepods, trematodes and nematodes. The total body length of the fish was negatively correlated with the mean intensity of infestation of Pseudochauhanea sp. The mean abundance of Pseudochauhanea sp. also showed a marked significant difference between the populations of male and female fish, being more associated with males. We provide a list of macroparasites recorded in fish of the genus Sphyraena in the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Checklist dataset published through GBIF (Doi: 10.15470/5htffh)

scholarly journals Ooctonus vulgatus (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae), a potential biocontrol agent to reduce populations of Philaenus spumarius (Hemiptera, Aphrophoridae) the main vector of Xylella fastidiosa in Europe

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavier Mesmin ◽  
Marguerite Chartois ◽  
Guenaelle Genson ◽  
Jean-Pierre Rossi ◽  
Astrid Cruaud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Distribution ◽  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Parasitoid Wasp ◽  
Dna Barcodes ◽  
Philaenus Spumarius ◽  
Parasitism Rates ◽  
Potential Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Meadow Spittlebug

As vector of Xylella fastidiosa (Wells, 1987) in Europe, the meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae) is a species of major concern. Therefore, tools and agents to control this ubiquitous insect that develops and feeds on hundreds of plant species are wanted. We conducted a field survey of P. spumarius eggs in Corsica and provide a first report of Ooctonus vulgatus Haliday, 1833 (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae) as a potential biocontrol agent of P. spumarius in Europe. To allow species identification, we summarized the main characters distinguishing O. vulgatus from other European species of Ooctonus and generated COI DNA barcodes. We also assessed parasitism rates in several sampling sites, highlighting the top-down impact of O. vulgatus on populations of P. spumarius. Based on the geographic occurrences of O. vulgatus mined in the literature, we calibrated an ecological niche model to assess its potential distribution in the Holarctic. Our results showed that O. vulgatus potential distribution overlaps that of P. spumarius. Hence, O. vulgatus appears to be a promising biocontrol agent of the meadow spittlebug in Europe and it seems advisable to conduct research on this small parasitoid wasp to assess whether it could contribute to reduce the spread and impact of X. fastidiosa in Europe.

Environmental effects on coral growth and recruitment in the Caribbean

2011 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 747-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. James C. Crabbe
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
South Coast ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Coral Recruitment ◽  
The South ◽  
Port Royal ◽  
The North ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Kingston Harbour

Knowledge about factors that are important in coral reef growth help us to understand how reef ecosystems react following major anthropogenic and environmental disturbances. In addition, they may help the industry understand how aquarists can improve the health of their corals. I have studied environmental and climate effects on corals on fringing reefs in Jamaica. Radial growth rates (mm/yr) of non-branching corals calculated on an annual basis from 2000–2008 showed few significant differences either spatially or temporally along the north coast, although growth rates tended to be higher on reefs of higher rugosity and lower macroalgal cover. I have also reconstructed recruitment patterns, using growth modelling, for non-branching corals at sites on the north coast of Jamaica near Discovery Bay, and near Kingston Harbour, on the south coast. For all the sites, recruitment of non-branching corals was lowered due to hurricanes or severe storms. For 1560 non-branching corals at sites along the north coast of Jamaica, from Rio Bueno to Pear Tree, there was a significant difference in estimated coral recruitment in years when there were no storms or hurricanes by comparison to years when storms and hurricanes impacted the area. For 347 non-branching corals at sites in the Port Royal Cays on the south coast, there was a significant difference in estimated coral recruitment in years when there were no storms or hurricanes by comparison to years when storms and hurricanes impacted the area. Interestingly, recruitment of Siderastrea siderea on to the side of the ship channel at Rackham's Cay (~100 m from the path taken by large ships) outside Kingston Harbour had been consistent since its construction. These findings have important implications for better understanding the impacts of tropical storms on coral reefs and for aquarists to better maintain coral reef species in artificial environments.

scholarly journals PEMBERDAYAAN PENGOLAH IKAN SKALA RUMAH TANGGA DI PROVINSI JAWA BARAT

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 189
Author(s):  
Yaya Hudaya ◽  
Aida Vitayala Hubeis ◽  
Basita Sugihen ◽  
Anna Fatchiya
Keyword(s):  
South Coast ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Fish Processing ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
West Java ◽  
The North ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
North And South

Pemberdayaan pengolah ikan di Provinsi Jawa Barat dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan pelaku usaha, menjamin keamanan pangan produk yang dihasilkan, dan ikut menjaga kelestarian sumber daya ikan yang ada. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kinerja pemberdayaan pengolah ikan skala rumah tangga dan dampaknya di Provinsi Jawa Barat. Metode analisis menggunakan uji beda Man Whitney U. Hipotesis penelitian ini adalah ada perbedaan nyata proses pemberdayaan pengolah ikan dan dampaknya di pesisir utara Kabupaten Cirebon dan selatan Kabupaten Sukabumi, Provinsi Jawa Barat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan nyata proses pemberdayaan pengolah ikan dan dampaknya baik di pesisir utara Kabupaten Cirebon maupun di pesisir selatan Kabupaten Sukabumi. Kebijakan pemberdayaan pengolahan ikan skala rumah tangga di Provinsi Jawa Barat baik di pesisir utara maupun selatan tidak perlu dibedakan. Namun, intensitas pemberdayaan terutama penyuluhan perikanan, bantuan peralatan dan modal usaha perlu ditingkatkan lagi. Title: The Empowerment of Small Scale Fish Processorsin West Java Province Empowerment of fish processors in West Java Province was carried out in order to improve wellbeing of the fish processors, ensuring food security of the product, and maintaining sustainability of the fish resource. The purpose of this study was to analyze performance of the empowerment of small scale fish processors and its related impact in the West Java Province. The analytical method used different test Man Whitney U. Hypothesis of this research was that there was a significant difference between the process of fish processing empowerment and its related impact in the north coast of Cirebon District and in the south coast of Sukabumi district of West Java Province. The results indicated that there was no significant difference between the process of fish processing empowerment and its impact both in the north coast of Cirebon and in the south coast of Sukabumi. Hence, policy on empowerment small scale fish processing household in both north and south coast districts of West Java Province can be treated the same. However, the intensity of empowerment, especially in terms of fisheries extension, equipment and business capital assistance need to be improved.

scholarly journals Ooctonus vulgatus (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae), a potential biocontrol agent to reduce populations of Philaenus spumarius (Hemiptera, Aphrophoridae) the main vector of Xylella fastidiosa in Europe

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavier Mesmin ◽  
Marguerite Chartois ◽  
Guenaelle Genson ◽  
Jean-Pierre Rossi ◽  
Astrid Cruaud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Distribution ◽  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Parasitoid Wasp ◽  
Dna Barcodes ◽  
Philaenus Spumarius ◽  
Parasitism Rates ◽  
Potential Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Meadow Spittlebug

As vector of Xylella fastidiosa (Wells, 1987) in Europe, the meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae) is a species of major concern. Therefore, tools and agents to control this ubiquitous insect that develops and feeds on hundreds of plant species are wanted. We conducted a field survey of P. spumarius eggs in Corsica and provide a first report of Ooctonus vulgatus Haliday, 1833 (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae) as a potential biocontrol agent of P. spumarius in Europe. To allow species identification, we summarized the main characters distinguishing O. vulgatus from other European species of Ooctonus and generated COI DNA barcodes. We also assessed parasitism rates in several sampling sites, highlighting the top-down impact of O. vulgatus on populations of P. spumarius. Based on the geographic occurrences of O. vulgatus mined in the literature, we calibrated an ecological niche model to assess its potential distribution in the Holarctic. Our results showed that O. vulgatus potential distribution overlaps that of P. spumarius. Hence, O. vulgatus appears to be a promising biocontrol agent of the meadow spittlebug in Europe and it seems advisable to conduct research on this small parasitoid wasp to assess whether it could contribute to reduce the spread and impact of X. fastidiosa in Europe.

scholarly journals Biology and Prevalence in Northern Italy of Verrallia aucta (Diptera, Pipunculidae), a Parasitoid of Philaenus spumarius (Hemiptera, Aphrophoridae), the Main Vector of Xylella fastidiosa in Europe

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 607
Author(s):  
Giulia Molinatto ◽  
Stefano Demichelis ◽  
Nicola Bodino ◽  
Massimo Giorgini ◽  
Nicola Mori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Parasitization Rate ◽  
Philaenus Spumarius ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Species Specific

The meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius (L.) (Hemiptera Aphrophoridae), the main vector of Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al. in Europe, has few known natural enemies. The endoparasitoid Verrallia aucta (Fallén) (Diptera, Pipunculidae) was first noticed a long time ago but very little is known about its biology and prevalence. In this study, the presence and prevalence of V. aucta were investigated in different regions of northern Italy, both in plain–foothill and montane zones. Parasitic larvae were identified by the dissection of spittlebug adults, P. spumarius and Neophilaenus campestris (Fallén), and by a new species-specific molecular tool targeting the ITS2 and COI genomic regions, developed in this work. A small-scale rearing was set up to gain information on the life cycle of V. aucta on its main host P. spumarius. During the four-year investigation (2016–2019) the pipunculid parasitoid displayed low prevalence, reaching a maximum parasitization rate of 17.5% (calculated over the adult spittlebug season) in vineyards of the Piemonte region. Over the whole period, no significant difference in the prevalence was found between male and female spittlebugs. Collected data and rearing observations suggest that V. aucta is monovoltine and synchronous with P. spumarius, laying eggs in newly emerged adults, developing as an endoparasitoid through two larval stages during the whole summer, and overwintering as a pupa in the soil.

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