Effects of Heat-Sensitive Agents, Soil Type, Moisture, and Leaf Surface on Persistence ofAnticarsia gemmatalis(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Nucleopolyhedrovirus

1999 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 330-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Peng ◽  
J. R. Fuxa ◽  
A. R. Richter ◽  
S. J. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

SURVIVAL OF PUPAE OF MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) AND TWO OF ITS PARASITES IN UNTILLED AND TILLED SOIL

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Turnock ◽  
R.J. Bilodeau
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Brassica Campestris ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Mamestra Configurata ◽  
Overwintering Mortality ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽  
Athrycia Cinerea

AbstractThe survival of Mamestra configurata Wlk. was determined from autumn and spring samples in 1973/74, 1980/81, and 1981/82 taken from unfilled and tilled portions of 12 fields of canola (Brassica campestris L. and B. napus L.). Survival from the pre-pupal stage in the autumn to post-diapause pupae in the spring varied from 2.9 to 56.5% in unfilled soil and from 0 to 25.4% in tilled soil. In untilled soil, the variations among fields in total mortality of M. configurata were related to parasitism by Banchus flavescens and to overwintering mortality. In tilled soil, overwintering mortality accounted for most of the variability in total mortality among fields. The percentage of mortality from injury to pupae, and their disappearance following tillage, greatly increased but this type of mortality did not account for much of the variability in total mortality. The disappearance of pupae following tillage was attributed to predation. In both untilled and tilled soils, the amount of overwintering mortality was related to the depth of accumulated snow, and mortality was lower in untilled soil because the stubble trapped more snow. The survival of M. configurata was not related to soil type, the type of tillage equipment, or the frequency of tillage. The number of adults emerging from untilled and tilled soil in one field were 2.58 and 0.27/m2 for M. configurata, 5.22 and 2.85/m2 for the parasite B. flavescens, and 4.46 and 3.60/m2 for the parasite Athrycia cinerea, indicating that the survival of the parasites was less affected by tillage than that of their host.Tillage may reduce the frequency and severity of outbreaks of M. configurata not only by increasing mortality but also by differentially affecting the survival of its main parasites.

Bollworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Development and Movement on Bacillus thuringiensis-treated Cotton Leaves

2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ashfaq ◽  
S. Y. Young ◽  
R. W. McNew
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Helicoverpa Zea ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Larval Weight ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽  
Transfer Times

Larval mortality, survivorship and movement of the bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), on and away from Bacillus thuringiensis-treated cotton leaves were investigated in the laboratory. Bacillus thuringiensis (Costar®, Novartis Crop Protection, Inc; Greensboro, NC) was applied to the upper surface of cotton leaves via a spray table in five concentrations, i.e., 0.0 (control), 0.14, 0.29, 0.58, and 1.15 kg/ha. Three-day-old H. zea larvae were released on treated leaves, kept at 30°C, and transferred to artificial diet after 12, 24, and 48 h. Significantly higher numbers of larvae were found on the lower than upper leaf surface after all three transfer times, but the numbers surviving in all treatments were similar to the control. Larval movement from the leaf to cup surface was significantly higher in B. thuringiensis-treated leaves than in the control. The mortality of larvae that were transferred from leaves to diet at 7 d after treatment was significantly higher in all treatments than in the control and highest at the highest rates (0.58 and 1.15 kg/ha). Data on survival of larvae at different locations suggest that for the first 24 h, the increase in the percentage of larvae on the inner cup surface in B. thuringiensis treatments was not due to larvae that had consumed a lethal dose, but an attempt to avoid the B. thuringiensis on the upper leaf surface. Highest larval weight was recorded in the control for all transfer times. The length of the larval period increased with the B. thuringiensis rate at the 12-h transfer. The pupal weight was reduced at the highest B. thuringiensis rates at the 48-h transfer.

An experimental study of early stage survival of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on cotton

1991 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aung Kyi ◽  
Myron P. Zalucki ◽  
Ian J. Titmarsh
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Helicoverpa Armigera ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Mortality Factors ◽  
Leaf Orientation ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Helicoverpa Armígera ◽  
Plant Effects ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

AbstractThe pattern and cause of mortality of the early stages of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) on cotton was investigated in both field and glasshouse situations for two seasons. In 1987, egg losses were high (32–88%) over days 1–3 following oviposition, more so from the lower than upper leaf surface. The mortality of first instar larvae was 93–100% over days 4–5 following oviposition, and losses were higher from seedling stage than squaring cotton. Wind, rain (or watering), aerial predators, dispersal of first instar larvae, and host plant effects (including leaf orientation) were important mortality factors. In 1988 trials, egg losses over days 1 to 3 after oviposition on plants in glasshouse and field situations, respectively, were 0–1% and 5–6% due to changing leaf orientation alone; 4–22% and 16–32% due to rain/watering and changing leaf orientation combined; 14–31% and 12–31% for wind and changing leaf orientation combined; and 4–38% and 23–52% for the combination of wind, rain/watering and changing leaf orientation. Mortality of first instar larvae on day 4 was 32% and 29% on plants in glasshouse and field, respectively, from which the action of such mortality factors had been excluded. Mortality on plants with changing leaf orientation alone was 30% and 68%, with rain/watering and changing leaf orientation combined 48% and 74%; with wind and changing leaf orientation combined 40% and 63%; and with all factors combined 45% and 69%, respectively. The highest losses (of eggs) occurred on day 1 after oviposition, and similarly for first instar larvae on day 4, which coincided with hatching.

Influence of Soil Type and Rainfall on Pupal Survival and Adult Emergence of the Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Southern Florida

2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven R. Sims
Keyword(s):  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Limestone Soil ◽  
Southern Florida ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽  
Precipitation And Temperature

Soil and rainfall influences on pupal survival and adult emergence of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), were studied in subtropical Florida. Increasing amounts of simulated rainfall, from 0–8 cm, significantly reduced adult emergence, whereas the effect of soil type (limestone and marl) was not significant in a greenhouse test. A field study evaluated the influence of soil type under natural conditions of temperature and rainfall over a 14-month period. Experiment date, soil type, and the date x soil interaction significantly affected adult emergence. Adult emergence was significantly greater in marl soil than limestone soil on 5 of 8 dates. These data indicate that soil type and environmental factors, such as precipitation and temperature, are likely involved in affecting pupal survival and adult emergence of the fall armyworm in southern Florida.

Studies of elemental composition as a biological marker in insects. IV. The influence of soil type and host-plant on elemental composition of Agrotis segetum (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

1985 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 675-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Sherlock ◽  
J. Bowden ◽  
P. G. N. Digby
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Elemental Composition ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Biological Marker ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Agrotis Segetum ◽  
Synthetic Diet ◽  
Larval Host ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

AbstractWavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry was used to make quantitative determinations of the elemental composition of adults of Agrotis segetum (Denis & Schiffermüller) that had been reared on one of eight soil-plant combinations or a semi-synthetic diet. Robust-means principal components analysis (RMPCA) of the data for eight elements and all treatments (except for the semi-synthetic diet) separated the means of the groups by soil type, irrespective of host-plant. However, individuals could not be separated until the data were grouped into the two host-plant sub-sets. The main discriminant, Al, was of doubtful validity and was therefore excluded from the data which were reanalysed by RMPCA. This failed to discriminate either group means or individuals until each host-plant sub-set was analysed separately; then, individuals could be differentiated by soil type although not as distinctly as when Al was included in the data. There was, however, a clear separation of the sexes because of a higher content of K and lower content of Ca in females; these two elements, together with S and Cl, were the main discriminants of soil type. It is concluded that larval host-plant is a significant factor in the elemental composition of adults of A. segetum but limiting and confounding in respect of identification of soil type and, therefore, geographical source. This conclusion probably applies also to other similar polyphagous species, but specific differences in biology and behaviour may influence the applicability of the technique to field studies.

Effect of climatic conditions and soil type on antioxidant compounds in organic and conventional blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.)

Planta Medica ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 81 (S 01) ◽  
pp. S1-S381
Author(s):  
MD López ◽  
P Jara ◽  
S Fischer ◽  
R Wilckens ◽  
H Serri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Antioxidant Compounds

SOOTY MOULD DISEASES OF SOME TREES FROM AURANGABAD DISTRICT, MAHARASHTRA (INDIA)

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
NAVALSINGH J. TODAWAT
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Severity Of Disease ◽  
Sooty Mould ◽  
Leaf Surface Area

Sooty mould diseases of Tress from Aurangabad district were surveyed. During the survey of tress, 5 species were found infected by fungal pathogens causing sooty mould diseases. Disease is easily identifiable by the presence of a black, velvety growth covering the leaf surface area. The fungus produces mycelium which is superficial and dark grows on the flowers, leaf, stem and sometime on fruits also. The severity of disease depends on the honeydew secretions by insects. The diseases were found to be caused by 5 species of fungi viz. Capnodium anonae, C. ramosum, Capnodium sp., Meliola bangalorensis and Meliola ranganthii.

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