Pupal Development and Adult Emergence Patterns of the Mexican Rice Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

1995 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Spurgeon ◽  
P. D. Lingren ◽  
J. R. Raulston ◽  
T. N. Shaver
Keyword(s):  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Pupal Development ◽  
Emergence Patterns ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
Mexican Rice Borer

Modeling adult emergence and fecundity of factitious hosts under different food sources supports massive egg production management

2017 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Tavares ◽  
L. Silva ◽  
L. Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Mass Production ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Production Management ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Food Type ◽  
Emergence Patterns ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
And Behavior

AbstractEphestia kuehniella(Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) andSitotroga cerealella(Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae) are important factitious hosts used for production of biological control agents. Their differences in terms of biology and behavior require adjustments in their mass production, particularly when using corn or barley as food in grain or in bran. We modeled adult emergence, oviposition period and egg production along time after emergence, as a function of the food source. Significant differences between hosts or food type were found for these variables and for adult weight but not for sex ratio. Our results confirm the possibility of mass production of these hosts using corn or barley as food source. Integrating adult emergence patterns and age specific fecundity patterns into a single model, it is clear that rearingE. kuehniellaon barley would result in the highest egg output in much shorter time thanE. kuehniellaon corn orS. cerealellaon barley.

scholarly journals Impact of conventional insecticides on two bollworms and their indirect effects on the ectoparasitoid, Bracon brevicornis (Wesmael) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mervat A. Kandil ◽  
Hemat Z. Moustafa
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Immature Stage ◽  
Pectinophora Gossypiella ◽  
Earias Insulana ◽  
Pupal Development ◽  
Percentage Mortality ◽  
Biological Aspects ◽  
Newly Hatched Larvae

Abstract Background Cotton bollworms such as Pectinophora gossypiella and Earias insulana are serious pests which destroy the cotton plant, and Bracon brevicornis is a parasitoid which attacked the larvae of bollworms. Results In this study, experiments were performed to investigate and evaluate the toxicity of etofenprox and chlorpyrifos insecticides against newly hatched larvae of Pectinophora gossypiella and Earias insulana. Some biological aspects of compound effects on larval and pupal duration, percentage of mortality, and percentage of adult emergence which resulted from treated newly hatched larvae were studied. The results revealed that LC50 was 0.7 and 0.87 ppm when P. gossypiella was treated with etofenprox and chlorpyrifos, respectively, while LC50 was 0.09 and 0.73 ppm when E. insulana was treated with etofenprox and chlorpyrifos, respectively. The obtained results showed that the percentage of mean larval mortality was 65.0 and 63.0% for treated P. gossypiella, while it was 71.0 and 66.0% for treated E. insulana. The corresponding figure for pupal percentage mortality was 8.0 and 10.0% for treated P. gossypiella, but it was 5.0 and 2.0% for treated E. insulana, with etofenprox and chlorpyrifos, and a prolongation effect in larval and pupal development (total immature stage) resulted from treated both bollworms as follows: 35.5 and 32.4 days for treated P. gossypiella compared with 21.9 days in control and 34.7 and 23.2 days for treated E. insulana compared with 23.1 days in control. The indirect effect of etofenprox and chlorpyrifos on the total immature stage of Bracon brevicornis was 18.2 and 19.5 days compared with 14.3 days in control when B. brevicornis parasitized on P. gossypiella larvae while it was 19.8 and 20.6 days compared with 15.2 days when B. brevicornis parasitized on E. insulana larvae. Conclusion The life cycle of B. brevicornis after parasitism on P. gossypiella and E. insulana larvae treated with etofenprox and chlorpyrifos were increased than the control larvae.

Contrasting patterns of genetic structure and disequilibrium in populations of a stone-cased caddisfly (Tasimiidae) from northern and southern Australia

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia Slater Schultheis ◽  
Richard Marchant ◽  
Jane Margaret Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Emergence Patterns ◽  
Freshwater Invertebrate ◽  
Gene Coi ◽  
Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium ◽  
New Recruits ◽  
Genetic Patchiness

In marine and freshwater invertebrate populations, microscale genetic differentiation or ‘genetic patchiness’ is thought to result from variation in the abundance and genetic composition of new recruits at a particular location. In the present study, the role of the adult emergence patterns in genetic patchiness was examined using mtDNA and two microsatellite loci to compare patterns of genetic differentiation in asynchronously (subtropical) and synchronously emerging (temperate) populations of the stone-cased caddisfly Tasimia palpata. A 550 base pair region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) was sequenced in at least 14 individuals from each population. Genetic structure was detected only at the reach scale in the subtropical populations and no genetic differentiation was detected in temperate populations. There were more deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in subtropical populations than in temperate populations where 44% and 12.5%, respectively, of tests for deviations from HWE were significant. Although distinct patterns of genetic structure and deviations from HWE were observed in the subtropical and temperate populations of T. palpata, no conclusive evidence was found to suggest that the differences are caused by differences in emergence patterns. We hypothesise that genetic patchiness must be caused by post-recruitment processes, most likely the preservation of oviposition ‘hotspots’ in subtropical streams.

Seasonal emergence patterns of Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in the Peace River region, Alberta, Canada

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Amanda Jorgensen ◽  
Maya L. Evenden ◽  
Owen Olfert ◽  
Jennifer Otani
Keyword(s):  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Phenological Model ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Peace River ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
Emergence Patterns ◽  
River Region ◽  
Accumulated Rainfall

Abstract Wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana Géhin (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is an invasive pest of wheat, Triticum spp. (Poaceae), in North America and is found in all wheat-growing regions of the world. Wheat midge biology, particularly post-diapause emergence of adults, varies with geographic region. The biology of wheat midge has not previously been examined in the northernmost area of its range in Canada – the Peace River region of Alberta. Wheat midge adult emergence was compared in situ to two phenological models of wheat midge emergence developed in other geographic regions. In-field adult emergence did not match the published phenological models. In the Peace River region, adults emerged later than are predicted by both models and precision for both models was low. With the Saskatchewan model, accumulated rainfall that was more than 110 mm in May and early June delayed emergence, whereas accumulated rainfall that was less than 43 mm during that period caused earlier than predicted emergence. Multiple peaks of wheat midge emergence, up to 20 days apart, were observed at some sites, supporting the Jacquemin model depicting “waves” of emergence. Including differences in soil temperature accumulation related to precipitation and optimising the model temperature thresholds would improve accuracy of the current Canadian phenological model in the Peace River region.

Effects of Snowdrop Lectin on Mexican Rice Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Life History Parameters

2003 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 950-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sétamou ◽  
J. S. Bernal ◽  
T. E. Mirkov ◽  
J. C. Legaspi
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life History Parameters ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
Mexican Rice Borer

The influence of temperature and humidity on the life-cycle of Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

1981 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Cox ◽  
L. A. Crawford ◽  
G. Gjestrud ◽  
C. H. Bell ◽  
C. R. Bowley
Keyword(s):  
Adult Stage ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Corcyra Cephalonica ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Cold Tolerant ◽  
Low Humidity ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
Egg Period

AbstractThe development of a stock of Corcyra cephalonica (Stnt.) from Burma was followed carefully on a diet of wheatfeed, glycerol and yeast at constant temperatures ranging from 15 to 37°C and humidities from 15 to 90% RH. Two other stocks, from Nigeria and Malawi, were also studied under a few conditions. Limits for complete development from egg hatch to adult emergence were about 17 and 35°C at 70% RH. At 15°C, all larvae died early in development, but at 37·5°C a few managed to pupate. Highest survival and most rapid development occurred at 30–32·5°C and 70% RH. Development was completed in the range 15–80% RH, but few adults emerged at 15% RH and none at 90% RH unless a mould-inhibitor was present in the food. No second-generation larvae were obtained from adults reared and kept at 20°C and 70% RH. Egg period was influenced by temperature but not by humidity in the range 20–80%, RH. Eggs hatched at temperatures from 17·5 to 32·5°C. Hatch was adversely affected by low humidity, and very few hatched at 20% RH. Considerable variation in the rate of egg hatch between the three stocks may have been due to differences in the length of time each stock had been reared in the laboratory. Cold tolerance of eggs of the Nigerian stock was low. All eggs died at 10°C after a seven-day exposure, and at 15°C, although a few 0–1-day-old eggs exposed for 14 days hatched, none completed development to the adult stage. Although older eggs were slightly more cold-tolerant than younger ones at 10°C, they were less so at 15°C. Adult males tended to emerge earlier and live longer than unmated females. Adults of the recently collected Malawi stock were heavier and lived longer than those of the Burma stock that had been reared in the laboratory for many generations.

Avermectins: a review of their impact on insects of cattle dung

1992 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Strong
Keyword(s):  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Cattle Dung ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Pupal Development ◽  
Mature Adult ◽  
Delayed Reactions ◽  
Dose Levels ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Actual Loss

AbstractAvermectins administered to cattle for control of parasitic infections by injection or slow-release bolus are excreted in the faeces and have a variety of harmful effects upon Diptera and Coleoptera that develop in cow-pats: these effects are reviewed. Diptera Cyclorrhapha are severely affected, the extent of the response depending on the drug concentration in the dung. At high levels, larvae are killed or paralysed while at lower levels their metamorphosis is inhibited. At very low levels, adult emergence is reduced and a significant number of imagines show morphological abnormalities. These responses are induced by concentrations of avermectins well below levels occurring in faeces after routine treatment. Diptera Nematocera are less sensitive than Cyclorrhapha but larval and pupal development are affected at higher dose levels. Larval dung beetles and some immature adults cannot survive in the pats of recently dosed livestock. Mature adult beetles are more resistant, but contact with treated dung leads to impaired reproduction. Dung eliminated up to 5 weeks after cattle have been treated with a single injection or up to 14 days after topical dosing shows harmful activity against dung insects, and ivermectin-containing pats retain much of their toxicity after several weeks exposure on pastureland. The impact on dung insects is more pronounced and of longer duration when ivermectin is delivered daily at 40 μg per kg cow by sustained-release bolus. Following topical or injection treatments, the rate of cow-pat degradation (measured by actual loss of biomass) is significantly delayed. When cattle are treated with a bolus delivering 40 mg ivermectin per kg cow per day, their dung remains intact on grassland for at least three months. The conclusions drawn from the various papers on these effects are compared and contrasted. In particular, attention is drawn to the general failure to recognize the importance of delayed reactions to non-lethal doses of avermectins, and to our lack of consideration of long-term consequences for cow-pat insects and the wider implications for ecology.

Field Evaluations of Parasitoids of Larval Stalkborers Against Eoreuma loftini (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Rice

1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 406-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Pfannenstiel ◽  
H. W. Browning
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Eoreuma Loftini ◽  
Allorhogas Pyralophagus ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
Mexican Rice Borer

Five species of parasitoids of larval stalkborer were evaluated in Texas in 1987 against the Mexican rice borer, Eoreuma loftini (Dyar), in field enclosures in rice, Oryza sativa L. The braconids, Alabagrus stigma (Brullé) and Allorhogas pyralophagus Marsh, and the bethylid, Goniozus natalensis Gordh, each parasitized >5% of the available E. loftini. The braconids, Apanteles minator Muesebeck and Macrocentrus prolificus Wharton, parasitized <1% of the available hosts. Allorhogas pyralophagus parasitized the highest percentage of borers, including 65.6% of the fifth- and sixth-instar E. loftini. Alabagrus stigma and G. natalensis parasitized fewer borers overall, although parasitism by A. stigma averaged 21.2% of small E. loftini in the rice leafsheaths. Alabagrus stigma, A. pyralophagus, and G. natalensis are candidates for further evaluation in the event that E. loftini becomes a pest of rice in Texas.

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