scholarly journals Organochlorine Concentrations and Eggshell Thickness in Failed Eggs of the California Clapper Rail from South San Francisco Bay

The Condor ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 620-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven E. Schwarzbach ◽  
John D. Henderson ◽  
Carmen M. Thomas ◽  
Joy D. Albertson

Abstract In 1992 we collected 22 failed California Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris obsoletus) eggs from four tidal marshes of south San Francisco Bay for organochlorine analysis and determination of eggshell thickness. Mean eggshell thickness of these eggs (262 microns) was not statistically distinguishable from that of pre-1932 museum eggs (271 microns). Total PCB concentrations in eggs ranged from 0.65 to 5.01 μg g−1 on an adjusted fresh wet weight basis, with a geometric mean concentration of 1.30 μg g−1. DDE concentrations were extremely low at a geometric mean of 0.11 μg g−1. Geometric mean concentrations of all other organochlorines detected were below 0.10 μg g−1. The concentrations of all organochlorines except PCBs appear to have declined in California Clapper Rails since the mid 1980s. PCBs may still be high enough in some rail eggs to produce embryotoxic effects but additional work to quantify the more toxic PCB congeners in rail eggs is needed. Concentraciones de Organocloros y Espesor de los Cascarones en Huevos Fallados de Rallus longirostris obsoletus de la Bahía de San Francisco del Sur Resumen. En 1992 recolectamos 22 huevos de Rallus longirostris obsoletus que fallaron en salir del cascarón en cuatro ciénagas de marea del sur de la Bahía de San Francisco para su análisis de contenido de organocloros y la determinación del espesor de los cascarones de dichos huevos. La media proporcional del espesor de los cascarones de huevo recolectados en el campo en 1992 (262 micras) no era menor que la de aquellos huevos (en museo) anteriores a 1932 (256 micras). Las concentraciones totales de PCB en los huevos fluctuaban desde 0.65 hasta 5.01 μg g−1 en base a un ajuste del peso húmedo fresco, con una concentración media geométrica de 1.30 μg g−1. Las concentraciones de DDE eran extremadamente bajas a una media geométrica de 0.11 μg g−1. La concentración media geométrica de todos los otros organocloros descubiertos estuvo por debajo de 0.10 μg g−1. La concentración de todos los organocloros, excepto los PCBs parece haber disminuido en R. l. obsoletus desde mediados de los años ochenta. Los PCBs todavía pueden ser suficientemente altos en algunos huevos de gallinetas de California como para producir efectos tóxicos en embriones, pero es necesario realizar investigaciones adicionales para cuantificar mayores congeners de los PCBs.

The Auk ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven E. Schwarzbach ◽  
Joy D. Albertson ◽  
Carmen M. Thomas

Abstract We assessed the reproductive success of the California Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris obsoletus), an endangered subspecies restricted to San Francisco Bay, and the relative importance of predation, flooding, and contaminants as factors affecting that success. Our study was conducted in six tidal marshes in the northern and southern reaches of San Francisco Bay. This assessment, conducted in four breeding seasons (1991, 1992, 1998, 1999), determined that productivity of California Clapper Rails was much reduced over the natural potential. Only 69% of clapper rail eggs whose viability could be assessed were viable. Hatchability of eggs in North Bay and South Bay marshes was 65% and 70%, respectively. Only 45% of the nests successfully hatched at least one egg. Despite mean clutch sizes of 6.7 and 6.9 in the North and South bays, respectively, clapper rails produced only 1.9 and 2.5 young per nesting attempt. Flooding was a minor factor, reducing the number of eggs available to hatch by only 2.3%. Predation on eggs was a major factor affecting nest success, reducing productivity by a third. Failed eggs were examined for abnormal development and contaminant concentrations. Contamination appeared to adversely influence California Clapper Rail reproductive success, as evidenced by deformities; embryo hemorrhaging; embryo malpositions; a depressed rate of hatchability; excess concentrations of mercury, barium, and chromium over known avian embryotoxic thresholds; and a correlation of deformities with elevated concentrations of some trace elements in eggs that failed to hatch. Mercury was the only significant contaminant common to all marshes. Efectos de la Depredación, las Inundaciones y la Contaminación sobre el Éxito Reproductivo de Rallus longirostris obsoletus en la Bahía de San Francisco


The Condor ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven E. Schwarzbach ◽  
John D. Henderson ◽  
Carmen M. Thomas ◽  
Joy D. Albertson

2013 ◽  
Vol 310 ◽  
pp. 244
Author(s):  
Sam Veloz ◽  
Nadav Nur ◽  
Leo Salas ◽  
Julian Wood ◽  
Diana Stralberg ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
John Y. Takekawa ◽  
Karen M. Thorne ◽  
Kevin J. Buffington ◽  
Kyle A. Spragens ◽  
Kathleen M. Swanson ◽  
...  

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