scholarly journals Centrality-friendship paradoxes: when our friends are more important than us

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desmond J Higham
Keyword(s):  
Network Science ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Sampling Bias ◽  
Average Degree ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
Eigenvector Centrality ◽  
General Matrix ◽  
Theoretical Support ◽  
The Social ◽  
Katz Centrality

Abstract The friendship paradox states that, on average, our friends have more friends than we do. In network terms, the average degree over the nodes can never exceed the average degree over the neighbours of nodes. This effect, which is a classic example of sampling bias, has attracted much attention in the social science and network science literature, with variations and extensions of the paradox being defined, tested and interpreted. Here, we show that a version of the paradox holds rigorously for eigenvector centrality: on average, our friends are more important than us. We then consider general matrix-function centrality, including Katz centrality, and give sufficient conditions for the paradox to hold. We also discuss which results can be generalized to the cases of directed and weighted edges. In this way, we add theoretical support for a field that has largely been evolving through empirical testing.

Centrality Measures

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ginestra Bianconi
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Centrality Measures ◽  
Eigenvector Centrality ◽  
Multilayer Networks ◽  
Comprehensive Description ◽  
Multilayer Network ◽  
Suitable Definition ◽  
Katz Centrality ◽  
Pagerank Centrality

Defining the centrality of nodes and layers in multilayer networks is of fundamental importance for a variety of applications from sociology to biology and finance. This chapter presents the state-of-the-art centrality measures able to characterize the centrality of nodes, the influences of layers or the centrality of replica nodes in multilayer and multiplex networks. These centrality measures include modifications of the eigenvector centrality, Katz centrality, PageRank centrality and Communicability to the multilayer network scenario. The chapter provides a comprehensive description of the research of the field and discusses the main advantages and limitations of the different definitions, allowing the readers that wish to apply these techniques to choose the most suitable definition for his or her case study.

Communities ready for takeoff

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanne A. M. Rijkhoff ◽  
Season A. Hoard ◽  
Michael J. Gaffney ◽  
Paul M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Site Selection ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
Location Selection ◽  
Community Assets ◽  
Selection Decisions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
New Infrastructure ◽  
Take All

Although much of the social science literature supports the importance of community assets for success in many policy areas, these assets are often overlooked when selecting communities for new infrastructure facilities. Extensive collaboration is crucial for the success of environmental and economic projects, yet it often is not adequately addressed when making siting decisions for new projects. This article develops a social asset framework that includes social, creative, and human capital to inform site-selection decisions. This framework is applied to the Northwest Advanced Renewables Alliance project to assess community suitability for biofuel-related developments. This framework is the first to take all necessary community assets into account, providing insight into successful site selection beyond current models. The framework not only serves as a model for future biorefinery projects but also guides tasks that depend on informed location selection for success.

Toward a Critical Refugee Study: The Vietnamese Refugee Subject in US Scholarship

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 410-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yêên Lêê Espiritu
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Vietnamese Americans ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Vietnamese American ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Science Literature ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Vietnamese Studies ◽  
Vietnamese Refugee

This review of the field of Vietnamese refugee studies in the United States first assesses the social science literature that dominated Vietnamese studies during the 1970s and 1980s, showing how this scholarship produces Vietnamese Americans as the desperate-turned-successful. Then it reviews the current range of Vietnamese American scholarship, foregrounding the promising studies that situate the diversity and vibrancy of Vietnamese lives within a critical global context. The paper concludes by suggesting that we imbue the term "refugee" with social and political critiques that call into question the relationship between war, race, and violence, then and now.

PEDAGOGICAL CONDITIONS PROMOTING THE FORMATION OF SOCIAL EXPERIENCE OF STUDENTS DURING EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 35-44
Author(s):  
S.V. Bykova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Extracurricular Activities ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Social Experience ◽  
School Students ◽  
Motivation For Learning ◽  
The Social ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
Active Communication

This work presents and analyzes the pedagogical conditions that have developed on the basis of the studied theoretical, scientific and pedagogical sources (M. K. Apetyan, N. M. Borytko, D. V. Grigoriev, N. V. Ippolitova, A. G. Ligostaev, Yu. A. Ryzhikova, N. S. Sterkhova, A. Fernham, P. Haven, etc.) of the analyzed author's work experience and contributes to the effectiveness and efficiency of the claimed research process. The pedagogical conditions that we have formulated are: taking into account the age and psychological characteristics of primary school students; the combination of various types of teacher's activities, which actualizes the extracurricular ac-tivities of schoolchildren; the use of a complex of forms, methods and techniques aimed at form-ing the social experience of younger schoolchildren and, of course, positively influencing the development of students ' ideas and knowledge about the world around them, necessary for its development and active communication (including in language) of the skills of pupils. This, in turn, helps to form their social experience in extracurricular activities. Thus, the current ap-proaches to the development of pedagogical conditions and the solution of scientific psycholog-ical and pedagogical problems are characterized. The author describes the program of extracurricular activities “Polyglot” (linguistic ori-entation), which is substantively tested by the author. The program is focused primarily on the formation of the social experience of younger students (grades 2–4) in extracurricular activities. The positions on the preferences of students when mastering the Program have been analyzed and the results achieved during the implementation of the Program have been determined: the necessary and sufficient conditions have been created for the formation of social experience; the level of motivation for learning English and the level of formation of the linguistic competence of students were increased, thanks to extracurricular activities. Significant research results are ranked.

scholarly journals Carbon Valuation: Alternatives, Alternations and Lateral Measures?

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffen Dalsgaard
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Carbon Offsets ◽  
The Other ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
Carbon Markets ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Science Literature ◽  
The One ◽  
Selection Of

This article refers to carbon valuation as the practice of ascribing value to, and assessing the value of, actions and objects in terms of carbon emissions. Due to the pervasiveness of carbon emissions in the actions and objects of everyday lives of human beings, the making of carbon offsets and credits offers almost unlimited repertoires of alternatives to be included in contemporary carbon valuation schemes. Consequently, the article unpacks how discussions of carbon valuation are interpreted through different registers of alternatives - as the commensuration and substitution of variants on the one hand, and the confrontational comparison of radical difference on the other. Through the reading of a wide selection of the social science literature on carbon markets and trading, the article argues that the value of carbon emissions itself depends on the construction of alternative, hypothetical scenarios, and that emissions have become both a moral and a virtual measure pitting diverse forms of actualised actions or objects against each other or against corresponding nonactions and non-objects as alternatives.

scholarly journals Exploring the social and economic development impact of the Canadian Seasonal Agriculture Workers Program (CSAWP) for Jamaican migrant workers, their families and communities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulette Carol Wright
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Positive Development ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
Child Schooling ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Migration And Development

The enthusiasm of immigrant sending countries around migration and development hinges on the fact that the flow of money, knowledge and universal ideas can have a positive effect on development in these countries. The Canadian Seasonal Agriculture Workers Program (CSAWP) was established in 1966, most of the Social Science literature on this program has emphasized its exploitative and problematic aspects. Without dismissing the significance of the focus and results of other research, this paper examines the social and economic development impact of this program on households and communities in Jamaica. Research done by academics and an analysis of Jamaica‟s newsprint media done for this research reveal that the CSAWP has had positive development impacts. Findings suggest that the program is delivering social and economic benefits to migrant workers and their families. It has increased income, consumption, child schooling and improved health care. In addition to improving the standard of living for migrant workers and their families, the CSAWP has additional benefits at the community and national levels.

scholarly journals A Pilot Assessment of How Muslim Scientists Perceive Inclusion in the Scientific Workplace

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Jauhara Ferguson ◽  
Elaine Howard Ecklund
Keyword(s):  
Science Literature ◽  
Religious Discrimination ◽  
Religious Experiences ◽  
Religion And Science ◽  
Muslim Identity ◽  
The Social ◽  
Muslim Majority ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Context Shapes ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Much of the social science literature on how religious and scientific communities relate to one another is focused on the relationship Christian communities have to science in the US and to a lesser extent the UK. Our pilot research begins to address this gap by studying Muslim scientists, a key group of actors who are important to understanding the social implications of global discussions about religion and science. We ask: How do Muslim scientists in non-Muslim majority national contexts perceive the relationship between religion and science and the connection between their faith and their work? In this pilot study, we analyze 13 in-depth interviews with Muslim scientists from three non-Muslim majority national contexts—France, India, and the United Kingdom. We find that Muslim scientists in our sample generally view their faith as compatible with their identities as scientists. Despite this connection, Muslim scientists do not consider the scientific workplace to be a supportive environment for their faith expression and believe the visibility of Muslim identity creates the potential for religious discrimination in science. Initial findings contribute to our understanding of how national context shapes religious experiences and highlights potential challenges to facilitating more religiously plural workplace environments.

Organizational Social Context

2017 ◽  
pp. 76-126
Author(s):  
Albert J. Simard
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Tacit Knowledge ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
Organizational Social Context ◽  
The Social ◽  
Tacit Knowledge Management

Understanding the social context of an organization is a precursor to managing tacit knowledge. This chapter describes a three-dimensional social-context framework comprising factors, trust, and manageability. Factors are underlying characteristics - situation, interaction, and scale - that affect all aspects of the social structure. Trust classifies criteria that affect trust at individual, group, and organizational levels. Manageability lists methods of enhancing indicators for each social context criteria. The framework is based on patterns and clusters of 1200 terms found in a survey of the social-science literature related to social structures. The framework is presented in a format that facilitates prioritizing the most important criteria for an organization to focus on. Understanding how social context affects organizations will greatly facilitate tacit knowledge management.

Reconceptualizing Judicial Effectiveness at the WTO

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-49
Author(s):  
Sivan Shlomo Agon
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Effectiveness ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
Organizational Goals ◽  
Wto Dispute Settlement ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Dispute Settlement System

Drawing on the rich social science literature on organizational effectiveness, this chapter puts forth the theoretical and methodological foundations of the WTO Dispute Settlement System (DSS) goal-based effectiveness framework. After discussing the main approaches developed in the social sciences to defining organizational effectiveness, the chapter explains the reasons for selecting the goal-based approach to serve as the basis for the study into the effectiveness of the WTO DSS. The chapter then reviews the central concepts associated with this approach and their application to the world of WTO adjudication, while focusing on organizational goals, goal multiplicity, goal conflict, and goal shifting. Finally, the chapter discusses several methodological determinations that should be made before applying the proposed WTO DSS goal-based effectiveness framework. These include the selection of the goal setters to inform the DSS’s effectiveness analysis, the choice of performance indicators, and the determination of the time frame in which effectiveness is to be measured.

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