scholarly journals Deaths Associated With Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among Residents in 50 States and the District of Columbia, 2016–2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 1149-1160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen N Ly ◽  
Arialdi M Miniño ◽  
Stephen J Liu ◽  
Henry Roberts ◽  
Elizabeth M Hughes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
American Indians ◽  
Alaska Natives ◽  
Health Care Planning ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Mortality associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been well-documented nationally, but an examination across regions and jurisdictions may inform health-care planning. Methods To document HCV-associated deaths sub-nationally, we calculated age-adjusted, HCV-associated death rates and compared death rate ratios (DRRs) for 10 US regions, 50 states, and Washington, D.C., using the national rate and described rate changes between 2016 and 2017 to determine variability. We examined the mean age at HCV-associated death, and rates and proportions by sex, race/ethnicity, and birth year. Results In 2017, there were 17 253 HCV-associated deaths, representing 4.13 (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.07–4.20) deaths/100 000 standard population, in a significant, 6.56% rate decline from 4.42 in 2016. Age-adjusted death rates significantly surpassed the US rate for the following jurisdictions: Oklahoma; Washington, D.C.; Oregon; New Mexico; Louisiana; Texas; Colorado; California; Kentucky; Tennessee; Arizona; and Washington (DRRs, 2.87, 2.77, 2.24, 1.62, 1.57, 1.46, 1.36, 1.35, 1.35, 1.35, 1.32, and 1.32, respectively; P < .05). Death rates ranged from a low of 1.60 (95% CI, 1.07–2.29) in Maine to a high of 11.84 (95% CI, 10.82–12.85) in Oklahoma. Death rates were highest among non-Hispanic (non-H) American Indians/Alaska Natives and non-H Blacks, both nationally and regionally. The mean age at death was 61.4 years (range, 56.6 years in West Virginia to 64.1 years in Washington, D.C.), and 78.6% of those who died were born during 1945–1965. Conclusions In 2016–2017, the national HCV-associated mortality declined but rates remained high in the Western and Southern regions and Washington, D.C., and among non-H American Indians/Alaska Natives, non-H Blacks, and Baby Boomers. These data can inform local prevention and control programs to reduce the HCV mortality burden.

Role of the specific T‐cell response for clearance and control of hepatitis C virus

1999 ◽  
Vol 6 (s1) ◽  
pp. 36-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Pape ◽  
T. J. Gerlach ◽  
H. M. Diepolder ◽  
N. Grüner ◽  
M.‐C. Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cell Response ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
And Control

scholarly journals Anthelmintic Efficacy of Strongyle Nematodes to Ivermectin and Fenbendazole on Working Donkeys (Equus asinus) in and around Hosaena Town, Southern Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Haben Fesseha ◽  
Mesfin Mathewos ◽  
Friat Kidanemariam
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Influencing Factor ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Mild Degree ◽  
Anthelmintic Efficacy ◽  
Equus Asinus ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Severe Degree ◽  
And Control

Background. Gastrointestinal helminth parasite infection is a major influencing factor against profitability of working equines all over the world. Objectives. A study was conducted from October 2016 to May 2017 in and around Hosaena to determine the efficacy of benzimidazole (BZ) and avermectin (AVM) chemical groups against strongyle nematodes in working donkeys. Methods. A total of 230 donkeys from Hosaena, Soro, Anlemo, and Gombora were randomly allocated into 5 groups of 46 donkeys in each group. All groups, except group 1 (control), were treated with ivermectin 1%, ivertong 10%, fenbendazole, and Fenacure 750 mg, respectively. Fecal samples were collected perrectally before treatment (day 0) and after treatment (day 14), and an egg per gram (EPG) value of >200 was used as a cutoff for inclusion to assess the efficacy of anthelmintics. Results. Accordingly, the study revealed that AVM was effective against strongyle nematodes of donkeys with the mean fecal egg count reduction (FECR) of 100% in three study areas and 97.2% in one study area, respectively, whereas BZ resistance was suspected in the areas where the drug was tested, with the mean FECR of less than 94% in the three study areas. The study also revealed that 73% of the donkeys were affected with a severe degree of strongyle infection as determined by EPG, while 10.4% of donkeys were affected with a mild degree of Parascaris equorum infection. Conclusions. The findings of the present study are expected to serve as baseline data for future investigations and control actions to design realistic control programs to minimize factors that favor emergence of anthelmintic resistance and improve the overall health of the donkeys. Thus, further detailed studies are needed to determine the factors that reduce anthelmintic efficacy and increase anthelmintic resistance in donkeys.

scholarly journals Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Nelfinavir and Its Metabolite M8 in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Positive and HIV-Hepatitis C Virus-Coinfected Subjects

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 643-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Regazzi ◽  
Renato Maserati ◽  
Paola Villani ◽  
Maria Cusato ◽  
Patrizia Zucchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Standard Dosage ◽  
Clinical Pharmacokinetics ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT In order to evaluate the potential risk of nelfinavir (NFV) accumulation in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-hepatitis C virus (HCV)-coinfected patients with liver disease, we investigated the concentrations of NFV and M8, the active metabolite of NFV, in plasma HIV-positive (HIV+) patients coinfected with HCV. A total of 119 HIV+ subjects were included in our study: 67 HIV+ patients, 32 HIV+ and HCV-positive (HCV+) patients without cirrhosis, and 20 HIV+ and HCV+ patients with cirrhosis. Most of the enrolled patients (chronically treated) were taking NFV at the standard dosage of 1,250 mg twice a day. To assay plasma NFV and M8 concentrations, patients underwent serial plasma samplings during the dosing interval at steady state. Plasma NFV and M8 concentrations were measured simultaneously by a high-performance liquid chromatography method with UV detection. The HIV+ and HCV+ patients with and without cirrhosis had significantly lower NFV oral clearances than the HIV+ and HCV-negative individuals (28 and 58% lower, respectively; P < 0.05), which translated into higher areas under the concentration-time curves for cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients. The NFV absorption rate was significantly lower in cirrhotic patients, resulting in a longer time to the maximum concentration in serum. The mean ratios of the M8 concentration/NFV concentration were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in HIV+ and HCV+ subjects with cirrhosis (0.06 ± 0.074) than in the subjects in the other two groups. The mean ratios for M8 and NFV were not statistically different between HIV+ and HCV-negative patients (0.16 ± 0.13) and HIV+ and HCV+ patients without cirrhosis (0.24 ± 0.17), but the interpatient variability was high. Our results indicate that the pharmacokinetics of NFV and M8 are altered in HIV+ and HCV+ patients, especially those with liver cirrhosis. Therefore, there may be a role for therapeutic drug monitoring in individualizing the NFV dosage in HIV-HCV-coinfected patients.

scholarly journals Comparison of biomarkers between genotypes 1a and 3a in hepatitis C virus patients with control group

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 3121-3130
Author(s):  
Sajjad Yazdansetad ◽  
Hadi Razavi Nikoo ◽  
Seyed Mahmoud Azimi ◽  
Alireza Mohebbi ◽  
Massumeh Niazi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Biochemical Markers ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Genotype 1A ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hcv Genotyping ◽  
And Control ◽  
Genotype 3A

Introduction: Three percent of people worldwide are infected with Hepatitis C virus (HCV). A few studies have been performed to evaluate the biochemical markers of the disease. In the current study, biochemical markers were evaluated in HCV patients and the control group. Methods: Two sex- and age-matched healthy individuals (n = 100) and HCV positive patients (n = 100) were included (mean age of 20-75, 26.0% females and 74.0% males). Biochemical markers, including liver enzymes (ALT, AST and ALP), lipid profiles (cholesterol, LDL, and HDL) and triglyceride (TG) were investigated in both groups. HCV genotyping was also performed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and OHNO methods. Results: The biochemical markers between HCV patients and controls were compared (cholesterol, ALP, AST, ALT, LDL: p = 0.0001, HDL: p = 0.002, TG: p = 0.003), and statistically significant difference was found between two groups. The biochemical markers between HCV patients and the control group in terms of age was compared and no differences was observed (p = 0.741), however, there was a significant difference in sex between HCV patients and control group (26.0% females, 74.0% males in control group, and x% females and y% males in HCV patients) (p = 0.032). The results of HCV genotyping showed that 39 patients were genotype 1a, and 43 patients were genotype 3a, and 1 patient was genotype 2a. Evaluation of biochemical markers in patients with genotype 1a and 3a showed that there were significant differences in cholesterol (p = 0.001), LDL (p = 0.001) and HDL (p= 0.003) levels, but there were no significant differences in liver enzymes and TG levels in both genotypes. Conclusion: In the present study, we found significant difference in biochemical markers between HCV patients and controls. In HCV patients, the biochemical markers were dependent on HCV genotypes, and their levels in genotype 1a were higher than genotype 3a. In conclusion, biochemical markers are one of the most important factors for the identification of treatment.

scholarly journals Inhibition of Intrahepatic Gamma Interferon Production by Hepatitis C Virus Nonstructural Protein 5A in Transgenic Mice

2009 ◽  
Vol 83 (17) ◽  
pp. 8463-8469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuo Kanda ◽  
Robert Steele ◽  
Ranjit Ray ◽  
Ratna B. Ray
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Nonstructural Protein ◽  
Gamma Interferon ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
And Control ◽  
Nonstructural Protein 5A

ABSTRACT Hepatitis C virus (HCV) utilizes strategies to suppress or evade the host immune response for establishment of persistent infection. We have shown previously that HCV nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) impairs tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-mediated apoptosis. In this study, we have examined the immunomodulatory role of HCV NS5A protein in transgenic mouse (NS5A-Tg) liver when mice were challenged with an unrelated hepatotropic adenovirus as a nonspecific stimulus. Hepatotropic adenovirus was introduced intravenously into NS5A-Tg mice and control mice, and virus clearance from liver was compared over a time course of 3 weeks. The differential mRNA expression levels of 84 cytokine-related genes, signal pathway molecules, transcription factors, and cell surface molecules were determined using real-time reverse transcription-PCR array. NS5A-Tg mice failed to clear adenovirus from liver up to 3 weeks postinfection while control mice cleared virus within 1 to 2 weeks. Subsequent study revealed that gamma interferon (IFN-γ) expression is inhibited at both the mRNA and protein levels in NS5A-Tg mice, and an inverse expression of transcription factors Gata-3 and Tbx21 is observed. However, TNF-α mRNA and protein expression were elevated in both NS5A-Tg and control mice. Together, our results suggested that HCV NS5A acts as an immunomodulator by inhibiting IFN-γ production and may play an important role toward establishment of chronic HCV infection.

scholarly journals Racial disparities in COVID-19 outcomes exist despite comparable Elixhauser comorbidity indices between Blacks, Hispanics, Native Americans, and Whites

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fares Qeadan ◽  
Elizabeth VanSant-Webb ◽  
Benjamin Tingey ◽  
Tiana N. Rogers ◽  
Ellen Brooks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
American Indians ◽  
Length Of Hospital Stay ◽  
Alaska Natives ◽  
Invasive Ventilation ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Ventilator Dependence ◽  
Comorbidity Index

AbstractFactors contributing to racial inequities in outcomes from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remain poorly understood. We compared by race the risk of 4 COVID-19 health outcomes––maximum length of hospital stay (LOS), invasive ventilation, hospitalization exceeding 24 h, and death––stratified by Elixhauser comorbidity index (ECI) ranking. Outcomes and ECI scores were constructed from retrospective data obtained from the Cerner COVID-19 De-Identified Data cohort. We hypothesized that racial disparities in COVID-19 outcomes would exist despite comparable ECI scores among non-Hispanic (NH) Blacks, Hispanics, American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/ANs), and NH Whites. Compared with NH Whites, NH Blacks had longer hospital LOS, higher rates of ventilator dependence, and a higher mortality rate; AI/ANs, higher odds of hospitalization for ECI = 0 but lower for ECI ≥ 5, longer LOS for ECI = 0, a higher risk of death across all ECI categories except ECI ≥ 5, and higher odds of ventilator dependence; Hispanics, a lower risk of death across all ECI categories except ECI = 0, lower odds of hospitalization, shorter LOS for ECI ≥ 5, and higher odds of ventilator dependence for ECI = 0 but lower for ECI = 1–4. Our findings contest arguments that higher comorbidity levels explain elevated COVID-19 death rates among NH Blacks and AI/ANs compared with Hispanics and NH Whites.

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