scholarly journals Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever Outbreaks: A Worldwide Review, 1990–2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (Supplement_6) ◽  
pp. S499-S509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Kim ◽  
Kang Sung Lee ◽  
Gi Deok Pak ◽  
Jean-Louis Excler ◽  
Sushant Sahastrabuddhe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Drug Susceptibility ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Middle Income

Abstract Background Analyses of the global spatial and temporal distribution of enteric fever outbreaks worldwide are important factors to consider in estimating the disease burden of enteric fever disease burden. Methods We conducted a global literature review of enteric fever outbreak data by systematically using multiple databases from 1 January 1990 to 31 December 2018 and classified them by time, place, diagnostic methods, and drug susceptibility, to illustrate outbreak characteristics including spatial and temporal patterns. Results There were 180 940 cases in 303 identified outbreaks caused by infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) and Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A or B (S. Paratyphi). The size of outbreak ranged from 1 to 42 564. Fifty-one percent of outbreaks occurred in Asia, 15% in Africa, 14% in Oceania, and the rest in other regions. Forty-six percent of outbreaks specified confirmation by blood culture, and 82 outbreaks reported drug susceptibility, of which 54% had multidrug-resistant pathogens. Paratyphoid outbreaks were less common compared to typhoid (22 vs 281) and more prevalent in Asia than Africa. Risk factors were multifactorial, with contaminated water being the main factor. Conclusions Enteric fever outbreak burden remains high in endemic low- and middle-income countries and, despite its limitations, outbreak data provide valuable contemporary evidence in prioritizing resources, public health policies, and actions. This review highlights geographical locations where urgent attention is needed for enteric fever control and calls for global action to prevent and contain outbreaks.

ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY IN CULTURE POSITIVE ENTERIC FEVER

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Manish Kulshrestha ◽  
Dr. Anjali Kulshrestha
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Blood Culture ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Bone Marrow Culture ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Culture Positive

INTRODUCTION: Enteric fever includes typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Peak incidence is seen in children 5–15 years of age; but in regions where the disease is highly endemic, as in India, children younger than 5 years of age may have the highest infection rates. There are about 22 million new typhoid cases occur each year. Young children in poor, resource limited areas, who make up the majority of the new cases and there is a mortality figures of 215,000 deaths annually. A sharp decline in the rates of complications and mortality due to typhoid fever is observed as a result of introduction of effective antibiotic therapy since 1950s. MDR-ST became endemic in many areas of Asia, including India soon after multidrug-resistant strains of Salmonella enterica serotype typhi (MDR-ST) that were resistant to all the three first-line drugs then in use, namely chloramphenicol, amoxycillin and co-trimoxazole emerged in early 1990s. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Only blood culture or bone marrow culture positive cases were included. The patients with culture isolated enteric fever were included in the study. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out by disk diffusion method using antibiotic discs. The analysis of the antimicrobial susceptibility was carried out as per CLSI interpretative guidelines. RESULTS: A total of 82 culture positive cases were included in the present study. 80 culture isolates were from blood culture and 2 from the bone marrow culture. Salmonella entericasubspecies enterica serovartyphi (S typhi) was isolated from 67 (81.70%) patients while Salmonella enterica subspecies entericaserovarparatyphi (S paratyphi A) was isolated from 13 (15.85%) cases and 2 (2.44%) were Salmonella enterica subspecies entericaserovarschottmuelleri (S paratyphi B). Of the 82 cases 65(79.3%) isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, 17 (20.7%) were resistant to nalidixic acid, one (1.2%) case each was resistant to Cefotaxime and ceftriaxone, 2 (2.4%) were resistant to chloramphenicol, 10 (12.2%) were resistant and to cotrimoxazole 3 (3.7%) were resistant. CONCLUSION: In a culture positive cases 65(79.3%) isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and 17 (20.7%) were resistant to nalidixic acid. Multidrug resistant isolates were 65(79.3%).

scholarly journals Molecular evaluation of drug resistance in clinical isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi from Pakistan

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 929-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amna Afzal ◽  
Yasra Sarwar ◽  
Aamir Ali ◽  
Abbas Maqbool ◽  
Muhammad Salman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Mutation Screening ◽  
Gene Cassette ◽  
Drug Susceptibility ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhi

Introduction: This study aimed to determine the drug susceptibility patterns and genetic elements related to drug resistance in isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) from the Faisalabad region of Pakistan. Methodology: The drug resistance status of 80 isolates were evaluated by determining antimicrobial susceptibility, MICs, drug resistance genes involved, and the presence of integrons. Nalidixic acid resistance and reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin were also investigated by mutation screening of the gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE genes. Results: Forty-seven (58.7%) isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR). Among the different resistance (R) types, the most commonly observed (13/80) was AmChStrTeSxtSmzTmp, which is the most frequent type observed in India and Pakistan. The most common drug resistant genes were blaTEM-1, cat, strA-strB, tetB, sul1, sul2, and dfrA7. Among the detected genes, only dfrA7 was found to be associated in the form of a single gene cassette within the class 1 integrons. Conclusions: MIC determination of currently used drugs revealed fourth-generation gatifloxacin as an effective drug against multidrug-resistant S. Typhi, but its clinical use is controversial. The Ser83→Phe substitution in gyrA was the predominant alteration in nalidixic acid-resistant isolates, exhibiting reduced susceptibility and increased MICs against ciprofloxacin. No mutations in gyrB, parC, or parE were detected in any isolate.

scholarly journals Enteric Fever in Mediterranean North Africa

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 753-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalifa Sifaw Ghenghesh ◽  
Ezzedin Franka ◽  
Khaled Tawil ◽  
Momtaz Wasfy ◽  
Salwa F. Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Population Based ◽  
North African ◽  
African Region ◽  
African Countries ◽  
The Mediterranean

Typhoid fever is endemic in the Mediterranean North African countries (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt) with an estimated incidence of 10-100 cases per 100,000 persons. Outbreaks caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi are common and mainly due to the consumption of untreated or sewage-contaminated water. Salmonella enterica Paratyphi B is more commonly involved in nosocomial cases of enteric fever in North Africa than expected and leads to high mortality rates among infants with congenital anomalies. Prevalence among travellers returning from this region is low, with an estimate of less than one per 100,000. Although multidrug resistant strains of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi are prevalent in this region, the re-emergence of chloramphenicol- and ampicillin-susceptible strains has been observed. In order to better understand the epidemiology of enteric fever in the Mediterranean North African region, population-based studies are needed. These will assist the health authorities in the region in preventing and controlling this important disease.

scholarly journals The Current Status of Enteric Fever Diagnostics and Implications for Disease Control

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S64-S70
Author(s):  
Stephen Baker ◽  
Christoph J Blohmke ◽  
Mailis Maes ◽  
Peter I Johnston ◽  
Thomas C Darton
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Typhoid Diagnostics ◽  
Commercial Organizations ◽  
And Control

Abstract Enteric (typhoid) fever remains a problem in low- and middle-income countries that lack the infrastructure to maintain sanitation and where inadequate diagnostic methods have restricted our ability to identify and control the disease more effectively. As we move into a period of potential disease elimination through the introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV), we again need to reconsider the role of typhoid diagnostics in how they can aid in facilitating disease control. Recent technological advances, including serology, transcriptomics, and metabolomics, have provided new insights into how we can detect signatures of invasive Salmonella organisms interacting with the host during infection. Many of these new techniques exhibit potential that could be further explored with the aim of creating a new enteric fever diagnostic to work in conjunction with TCV. We need a sustained effort within the enteric fever field to accelerate, validate, and ultimately introduce 1 (or more) of these methods to facilitate the disease control initiative. The window of opportunity is still open, but we need to recognize the need for communication with other research areas and commercial organizations to assist in the progression of these diagnostic approaches. The elimination of enteric fever is now becoming a real possibility, but new diagnostics need to be part of the equation and factored into future calculations for disease control.

scholarly journals The Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Stick-Nest Rat Middens in Australia

Radiocarbon ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart Pearson ◽  
Ewan Lawson ◽  
Lesley Head ◽  
Lynne McCarthy ◽  
John Dodson
Keyword(s):  
Arid Zone ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Plant Distribution ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Distribution ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Logarithmic Decay ◽  
Natural Decay

The spatial and temporal distribution of 145 radiocarbon dates on 66 Australian stick-nest rat middens (Muridae: Leporillusspp.) range from modern to 10,900 ± 90 BP. As in American packrat middens, age frequency follows a logarithmic decay, both continentally and at major sites. This is probably a result of natural decay processes. Unlike American middens of similar age, relatively few range changes in plant distribution have been detected in Australia. The distribution of14C ages and the associated midden materials provide important paleoenvironmental information from the arid interior of Australia. The middens record subtle changes in vegetation and dramatic changes in the fauna unlike those interpreted from sites on the coastal rim or the southeastern periphery of the arid zone.

scholarly journals Evaluating the spatial and temporal patterns of the severe fever thrombocytopenia syndrome in Republic of Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seongwoo Park ◽  
Hae-Sung Nam ◽  
Baeg-Ju Na
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Spatiotemporal Analysis ◽  
Scan Statistics ◽  
Republic Of Korea ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
First Case ◽  
Severe Fever

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a new infectious disease with a high mortality rate and increased incidence in Republic of Korea since the first case was reported in 2013. The average mortality rate varies by region and year but remains high in Asia. This study aimed to evaluate the spatial and temporal patterns of SFTS cases reported to the national Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA). We analysed the spatial and temporal distribution of SFTS and observed changes in areas vulnerable to the disease. We analysed data concerning 1086 confirmed SFTS patients from 2013 to 2019 categorized according to the 247 district level administrative units. To better understand the epidemiology of SFTS, we carried out spatiotemporal analyses on a yearly basis and also calculated and mapped spatial clusters of domestic SFTS by global (regional) and local Moran’s indices. To observe the annual changes in SFTS incidence rate, scan statistics for each city and district were calculated. The incidence rate showed significant clustering in specific regions, which reoccurred annually in some regions. In Republic of Korea, SFTS clusters have been expanding into the southern regions, with annual clusters concentrated between May and October. This pattern allows prediction of SFTS occurrences through spatiotemporal analysis, which makes it possible to guide measures of disease prevention.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Salmonella Enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A Isolated From Patients Suspected of Enteric Fever

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Dhirendra Niroula ◽  
Jyotsna Shrestha ◽  
Supriya Sharma ◽  
Anjana Singh
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Microbiological Techniques

Objectives: The study aimed to assess the antibiotic susceptibility profile of Salmonella spp isolated from patients suspected of enteric fever. Methods: This cross-sectional prospective study was carried out from April to June, 2014among 484 patients clinically suspected of enteric fever visiting Bir Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. Blood sample collected from each patient was processed for culture in bile broth. Identification of Salmonella spp was done by conventional microbiological techniques including colony characteristics, Gram's staining and biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of identified isolates was done by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method following the 2014 CLS I guideline. Results: Out of 484 blood samples, 36 (7.43%) cases showed the growth of Salmonella spp; of which 27 (75%) were Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (ST) and 9 (25%) were Salmonella enterica Paratyphi A (SPA). Among the Salmonella isolates, 5.55% were multidrug resistant and 41.66% were fluoroquinolone resistant. More than 80% of isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol, amoxicillin, and cotrimoxazole whereas 58%, 50% and 6% of isolates were sensitive to fluoroquinolone antibiotics i.e. ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and nalidixic acid respectively. All the isolates were susceptible to ceftazidime. All SPA and 89% of ST were sensitive to azithromycin. Conclusion: Higher percentage of susceptible isolates to chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole, and amoxicillin suggests the reconsideration of these antibiotics for the treatment of enteric fever. Azithromycin can be considered as drug of choice for the treatment of enteric fever.  

scholarly journals Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Endopolyploidy in Mosses

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Marianna Paľová ◽  
Dajana Ručová ◽  
Michal Goga ◽  
Vladislav Kolarčik
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Distribution ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Moss Species ◽  
Plant Kingdom ◽  
Plant Groups ◽  
Endopolyploid Cells

Somatic polyploidy or endopolyploidy is common in the plant kingdom; it ensures growth and allows adaptation to the environment. It is present in the majority of plant groups, including mosses. Endopolyploidy had only been previously studied in about 65 moss species, which represents less than 1% of known mosses. We analyzed 11 selected moss species to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of endopolyploidy using flow cytometry to identify patterns in ploidy levels among gametophytes and sporophytes. All of the studied mosses possessed cells with various ploidy levels in gametophytes, and four of six species investigated in sporophytic stage had endopolyploid sporophytes. The proportion of endopolyploid cells varied among organs, parts of gametophytes and sporophytes, and ontogenetic stages. Higher ploidy levels were seen in basal parts of gametophytes and sporophytes than in apical parts. Slight changes in ploidy levels were observed during ontogenesis in cultivated mosses; the youngest (apical) parts of thalli tend to have lower levels of endopolyploidy. Differences between parts of cauloid and phylloids of Plagiomnium ellipticum and Polytrichum formosum were also documented; proximal parts had higher levels of endopolyploidy than distal parts. Endopolyploidy is spatially and temporally differentiated in the gametophytes of endopolyploid mosses and follows a pattern similar to that seen in angiosperms.

scholarly journals Spatial and temporal distribution patterns of tick-borne diseases (Tick-borne Encephalitis and Lyme Borreliosis) in Germany

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12422
Author(s):  
Sarah Cunze ◽  
Gustav Glock ◽  
Sven Klimpel
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Lyme Borreliosis ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Driving Factors ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Federal States ◽  
Reporting Practices ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis

Background In the face of ongoing climate warming, vector-borne diseases are expected to increase in Europe, including tick-borne diseases (TBD). The most abundant tick-borne diseases in Germany are Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE) and Lyme Borreliosis (LB), with Ixodes ricinus as the main vector. Methods In this study, we display and compare the spatial and temporal patterns of reported cases of human TBE and LB in relation to some associated factors. The comparison may help with the interpretation of observed spatial and temporal patterns. Results The spatial patterns of reported TBE cases show a clear and consistent pattern over the years, with many cases in the south and only few and isolated cases in the north of Germany. The identification of spatial patterns of LB disease cases is more difficult due to the different reporting practices in the individual federal states. Temporal patterns strongly fluctuate between years, and are relatively synchronized between both diseases, suggesting common driving factors. Based on our results we found no evidence that weather conditions affect the prevalence of both diseases. Both diseases show a gender bias with LB bing more commonly diagnosed in females, contrary to TBE being more commonly diagnosed in males. Conclusion For a further investigation of of the underlying driving factors and their interrelations, longer time series as well as standardised reporting and surveillance system would be required.

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