scholarly journals Plasmodium knowlesi Malaria in Sabah, Malaysia, 2015–2017: Ongoing Increase in Incidence Despite Near-elimination of the Human-only Plasmodium Species

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J Cooper ◽  
Giri S Rajahram ◽  
Timothy William ◽  
Jenarun Jelip ◽  
Rashidah Mohammad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Control ◽  
Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽  
Plasmodium Species ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Molecular Surveillance ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Zoonotic Malaria ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Prevention Activities ◽  
Notification Data

Abstract Background Malaysia aims to eliminate malaria by 2020. However, while cases of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax have decreased substantially, the incidence of zoonotic malaria from Plasmodium knowlesi continues to increase, presenting a major challenge to regional malaria control efforts. Here we report incidence of all Plasmodium species in Sabah, including zoonotic P. knowlesi, during 2015–2017. Methods Microscopy-based malaria notification data and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results were obtained from the Sabah Department of Health and State Public Health Laboratory, respectively, from January 2015 to December 2017. From January 2016 this was complemented by a statewide prospective hospital surveillance study. Databases were matched, and species was determined by PCR, or microscopy if PCR was not available. Results A total of 3867 malaria cases were recorded between 2015 and 2017, with PCR performed in 93%. Using PCR results, and microscopy if PCR was unavailable, P. knowlesi accounted for 817 (80%), 677 (88%), and 2030 (98%) malaria cases in 2015, 2016, and 2017, respectively. P. falciparum accounted for 110 (11%), 45 (6%), and 23 (1%) cases and P. vivax accounted for 61 (6%), 17 (2%), and 8 (0.4%) cases, respectively. Of those with P. knowlesi, the median age was 35 (interquartile range: 24–47) years, and 85% were male. Conclusions Malaysia is approaching elimination of the human-only Plasmodium species. However, the ongoing increase in P. knowlesi incidence presents a major challenge to malaria control and warrants increased focus on knowlesi-specific prevention activities. Wider molecular surveillance in surrounding countries is required.

scholarly journals Non-human primate and human malaria: past, present and future

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spinello Antinori ◽  
Cecilia Bonazzetti ◽  
Andrea Giacomelli ◽  
Mario Corbellino ◽  
Massimo Galli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽  
Plasmodium Species ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Malaria Parasites ◽  
Human Malaria ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Zoonotic Malaria ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Human Plasmodium ◽  
Human Primate

Abstract Background Studies of the malaria parasites infecting various non-human primates (NHPs) have increased our understanding of the origin, biology and pathogenesis of human Plasmodium parasites. This review considers the major discoveries concerning NHP malaria parasites, highlights their relationships with human malaria and considers the impact that this may have on attempts to eradicate the disease. Results The first description of NHP malaria parasites dates back to the early 20th century. Subsequently, experimental and fortuitous findings indicating that some NHP malaria parasites can be transmitted to humans have raised concerns about the possible impact of a zoonotic malaria reservoir on efforts to control human malaria. Advances in molecular techniques over the last 15 years have contributed greatly to our knowledge of the existence and geographical distribution of numerous Plasmodium species infecting NHPs, and extended our understanding of their close phylogenetic relationships with human malaria parasites. The clinical application of such techniques has also made it possible to document ongoing spillovers of NHP malaria parasites (Plasmodium knowlesi, P. cynomolgi, P. simium, P. brasilianum) in humans living in or near the forests of Asia and South America, thus confirming that zoonotic malaria can undermine efforts to eradicate human malaria. Conclusions Increasing molecular research supports the prophetic intuition of the pioneers of modern malariology who saw zoonotic malaria as a potential obstacle to the full success of malaria eradication programmes. It is, therefore, important to continue surveillance and research based on one-health approaches in order to improve our understanding of the complex interactions between NHPs, mosquito vectors and humans during a period of ongoing changes in the climate and the use of land, monitor the evolution of zoonotic malaria, identify the populations most at risk and implement appropriate preventive strategies.

scholarly journals How prevalent is Plasmodium malariae in Rondônia, Western Brazilian Amazon?

2000 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 489-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa Torres Vidal Cavasini ◽  
Weber Luidi Ribeiro ◽  
Fumihiko Kawamoto ◽  
Marcelo Urbano Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Plasmodium Species ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Plasmodium Malariae ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
And Control

We have compared results of Plasmodium species identification obtained with conventional on-site microscopy of Giemsa-stained thick smears (GTS) and a semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 96 malaria patients from Rondônia, Western Brazilian Amazon. Mixed-species infections were detected by PCR in 30% patients, but no such case had been found on GTS. Moreover, P. malariae infections were detected in 9 of 96 patients (10%) by PCR, but were not identified by local microscopists. The potential impact of species misidentification on malaria treatment and control is discussed.

scholarly journals PCR - based diagnosis to evaluate the performance of malaria reference centers

2004 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 183-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Maria Di Santi ◽  
Karin Kirchgatter ◽  
Karen Cristina Sant'Anna Brunialti ◽  
Alessandra Mota Oliveira ◽  
Sergio Roberto Santos Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Blood Smear ◽  
Plasmodium Species ◽  
Thick Blood Smear ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Ssrrna Gene

Although the Giemsa-stained thick blood smear (GTS) remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of malaria, molecular methods are more sensitive and specific to detect parasites and can be used at reference centers to evaluate the performance of microscopy. The description of the Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae and P. ovale ssrRNA gene sequences allowed the development of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that had been used to differentiate the four species. The objective of this study was to determine Plasmodium species through PCR in 190 positive smears from patients in order to verify the quality of diagnosis at SUCEN's Malaria Laboratory. Considering only the 131 positive results in both techniques, GTS detected 4.6% of mixed and 3.1% of P. malariae infections whereas PCR identified 19.1% and 13.8%, respectively.

Detection of Plasmodium knowlesi by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

2009 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 516-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Esther Babady ◽  
Jon E. Rosenblatt ◽  
Bobbi S. Pritt ◽  
Lynne M. Sloan
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Polymerase Chain

scholarly journals New vectors in northern Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, for the zoonotic malaria parasite, Plasmodium knowlesi

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Ang Xin De ◽  
Khamisah Abdul Kadir ◽  
Dayang Shuaisah Awang Mohamad ◽  
Asmad Matusop ◽  
Paul Cliff Simon Divis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Plasmodium Species ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Anopheles Mosquitoes ◽  
Zoonotic Malaria ◽  
Parasite Plasmodium ◽  
Coi Sequences ◽  
Anopheles Barbirostris ◽  
Malaysian Borneo

Abstract Background: The vectors for Plasmodium knowlesi, a significant cause of human malaria in Southeast Asia, identified previously in nature all belong to the Anopheles Leucosphyrus Group. Only one study has been previously undertaken in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, to identify vectors of P. knowlesi , where Anopheles latens was incriminated as the vector in Kapit, central Sarawak. A study was therefore undertaken to identify malaria vectors in a different location in Sarawak. Methods: Mosquitoes found landing on humans and resting on leaves over a 5-day period at two sites in the Lawas District of northern Sarawak were collected and identified. DNA samples extracted from salivary glands of Anopheles mosquitoes were subjected to nested PCR malaria-detection assays. The small sub-unit ribosomal RNA (SSUrRNA) genes of Plasmodium , and the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITSII) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) sequences of the mosquitoes were derived from the Plasmodium -positive samples for phylogenetic analyses. Results: A total of 65 anophelines and 127 culicines were collected. By PCR, six An. balabacensis and five An. barbirostris Clade VI were found to have single P. knowlesi infecions while three other An. balabacensis had either single, double or triple infections with P. inui, P. fieldi, P. cynomolgi and P. knowlesi . Phylogenetic analyses of the Plasmodium SSUrRNA genes confirmed 3 An. barbirostris Clade VI and 3 An. balabacensis with single P. knowlesi infections, while 3 other An. balabacensis had two or more Plasmodium species of P. inui, P. knowlesi, P. cynomolgi and possibly novel species of Plasmodium . Phylogenies inferred from the ITSII and COI sequences of An. balabacensis and An. barbirostris Clade VI indicate that the former is genetically indistinguishable from An. balabacensis in Borneo while the latter is a novel sibling species belonging to the Anopheles Barbirostris Subgroup. Conclusions: New vectors for P. knowlesi in Sarawak were identified, including An. barbirostris Clade VI , which is a species that does not belong to the Anopheles Leucosphyrus Group.

scholarly journals A New Sequence Type of Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup C Associated With a 2016 Meningitis Outbreak in Mali

2019 ◽  
Vol 220 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. S190-S197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yibayiri Osee Sanogo ◽  
Ibréhima Guindo ◽  
Seydou Diarra ◽  
Adam C Retchless ◽  
Mahamadou Abdou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Meningitis ◽  
Neisseria Meningitidis ◽  
Clonal Complex ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Sequence Type ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Molecular Surveillance ◽  
Case Fatality Ratio ◽  
Meningitis Belt ◽  
Polymerase Chain

AbstractIn 2016, Mali reported a bacterial meningitis outbreak consisting of 39 suspected cases between epidemiologic weeks 9 and 17 with 15% case fatality ratio in the health district of Ouéléssebougou, 80 kilometers from the capital Bamako. Cerebrospinal fluid specimens from 29 cases were tested by culture and real-time polymerase chain reaction; 22 (76%) were positive for bacterial meningitis pathogens, 16 (73%) of which were Neisseria meningitidis (Nm). Of the Nm-positive specimens, 14 (88%) were N meningitidis serogroup C (NmC), 1 was NmW, and 1 was nongroupable. Eight NmC isolates recovered by culture from the outbreak were characterized using whole genome sequencing. Genomics analysis revealed that all 8 isolates belonged to a new sequence type (ST) 12446 of clonal complex 10217 that formed a distinct clade genetically similar to ST-10217, a NmC strain that recently caused large epidemics of meningitis in Niger and Nigeria. The emergence of a new ST of NmC associated with an outbreak in the African meningitis belt further highlights the need for continued molecular surveillance in the region.

scholarly journals Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) for the detection of Plasmodium knowlesi and Plasmodium vivax

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Punitha Mahendran ◽  
Jonathan Wee Kent Liew ◽  
Amirah Amir ◽  
Xiao-Teng Ching ◽  
Yee-Ling Lau
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction

scholarly journals Evaluation of three different DNA extraction methods from blood samples collected in dried filter paper in Plasmodium subpatent infections from the Amazon region in Brazil

2013 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Bortolasse Miguel ◽  
José Rodrigues Coura ◽  
Franklyn Samudio ◽  
Martha Cecília Suárez-Mutis
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Dna Extraction ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Plasmodium Species ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Geographical Distances ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Asymptomatic Plasmodium infection is a new challenge for public health in the American region. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the best method for diagnosing subpatent parasitemias. In endemic areas, blood collection is hampered by geographical distances and deficient transport and storage conditions of the samples. Because DNA extraction from blood collected on filter paper is an efficient method for molecular studies in high parasitemic individuals, we investigated whether the technique could be an alternative for Plasmodium diagnosis among asymptomatic and pauciparasitemic subjects. In this report we compared three different methods (Chelex®-saponin, methanol and TRIS-EDTA) of DNA extraction from blood collected on filter paper from asymptomatic Plasmodium-infected individuals. Polymerase chain reaction assays for detection of Plasmodium species showed the best results when the Chelex®-saponin method was used. Even though the sensitivity of detection was approximately 66% and 31% for P. falciparum and P. vivax, respectively, this method did not show the effectiveness in DNA extraction required for molecular diagnosis of Plasmodium. The development of better methods for extracting DNA from blood collected on filter paper is important for the diagnosis of subpatent malarial infections in remote areas and would contribute to establishing the epidemiology of this form of infection.

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