scholarly journals Policy Recommendations From Transmission Modeling for the Elimination of Visceral Leishmaniasis in the Indian Subcontinent

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (suppl_4) ◽  
pp. S301-S308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Epke A Le Rutte ◽  
Lloyd A C Chapman ◽  
Luc E Coffeng ◽  
José A Ruiz-Postigo ◽  
Piero L Olliaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Transmission Modeling

Challenges in the Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis on the Indian Subcontinent

2016 ◽  
pp. 125-134
Author(s):  
Suman Rijal ◽  
François Chappuis ◽  
Jorge Alvar ◽  
Marleen Boelaert
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Indian Subcontinent

scholarly journals Towards elimination of visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent—Translating research to practice to public health

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. e0005889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siddhivinayak Hirve ◽  
Axel Kroeger ◽  
Greg Matlashewski ◽  
Dinesh Mondal ◽  
Megha Raj Banjara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Research To Practice

scholarly journals Genomes of Leishmania parasites directly sequenced from patients with visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. e0007900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malgorzata A. Domagalska ◽  
Hideo Imamura ◽  
Mandy Sanders ◽  
Frederik Van den Broeck ◽  
Narayan Raj Bhattarai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Leishmania Parasites

Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis transmission: modeling, backward bifurcation, and optimal control

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 1525-1560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Songnian Zhao ◽  
Yan Kuang ◽  
Chih-Hang Wu ◽  
David Ben-Arieh ◽  
Marcelo Ramalho-Ortigao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Backward Bifurcation ◽  
Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Transmission Modeling

scholarly journals Socio-economic and behavioural risk factors of visceral leishmaniasis in the East Champaran district of Bihar

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 1577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Navin Kumar ◽  
T. B. Singh ◽  
L. P. Meena
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Domestic Animal ◽  
Living Room ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Behavioural Risk Factors ◽  
Study Results

Background: Visceral leishmaniasis is a chronic and potentially fatal parasitic disease of the viscera which affect the organs due to infection by Leishmania donovani. Visceral Leismaniasis, also known as Kala-Azar (KA) in the Indian subcontinent. The worldwide incidence is estimated to be between 146,700 and 282,800 cases per year. In India, it is endemic in the states Bihar and it contains more than 90 % of the cases of VL.In this region, Leishmania donovani is the only species causing VL. Objective: To find out the socio-economic and behavioural risk factors of VL in East Champaran district of Bihar. Methods: A case-control study was conducted to understand the socio-economic and behavioural risk factors associated with VL in areas of East Champaran district of Bihar, India. A total of 100 VL cases and 100 healthy controls selected randomly from the neighbourhoods of cases were included in the study. Results: The risk factors identified were showed that presence of a granary inside houses (P=0.000), sunlight inside the living room (P=0.000), banana trees near the houses (P=0.003), presence of domestic animal in the house (P=0.044), people sleep near the animal (P=0.000) and drainage system (P=0.000) were risk factors of VL.Conclusions: These results will be useful for further improvement in the VL control programs for intervention strategies in respect of separate granary house other than the living house, presence of sunlight inside the living rooms, banana trees far from the houses, separate domestic shelter for reducing transmission and incidence of this disease.

scholarly journals Insights from mathematical modelling and quantitative analysis on the proposed WHO 2030 targets for visceral leishmaniasis on the Indian subcontinent

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 1651
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
District Level ◽  
World Health ◽  
Kala Azar ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by Leishmania protozoa that are transmitted by female sand flies. On the Indian subcontinent (ISC), VL is targeted by the World Health Organization (WHO) for elimination as a public health problem by 2020, which is defined as <1 VL case (new and relapse) per 10,000 population at district level in Nepal and sub-district level in Bangladesh and India. WHO is currently in the process of formulating 2030 targets, asking whether to maintain the 2020 target or to modify it, while adding a target of zero mortality among detected cases. The NTD Modelling Consortium has developed various mathematical VL transmission models to gain insight into the transmission dynamics of VL, identify the main knowledge gaps, and predict the feasibility of achieving and sustaining the targets by simulating the impact of varying intervention strategies. According to the models, the current target is feasible at the appropriate district/sub-district level in settings with medium VL endemicities (up to 5 reported VL cases per 10,000 population per year) prior to the start of the interventions. However, in settings with higher pre-control endemicities, additional efforts may be required. We also highlight the risk that those with post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) may pose to reaching and sustaining the VL targets, and therefore advocate adding control of PKDL cases to the new 2030 targets. Spatial analyses revealed that local hotspots with high VL incidence remain. We warn that the current target provides a perverse incentive to not detect/report cases as the target is approached, posing a risk for truly achieving elimination as a public health problem although this is taken into consideration by the WHO procedures for validation. Ongoing modelling work focuses on the risk of recrudescence when interventions are relaxed after the elimination target has been achieved.

scholarly journals Investigation of the antigenicity and protective efficacy of Leishmania promastigote membrane antigens in search of potential diagnostic and vaccine candidates against visceral leishmaniasis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarfaraz Ahmad Ejazi ◽  
Smriti Ghosh ◽  
Anirban Bhattacharyya ◽  
Mohd Kamran ◽  
Sonali Das ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Past Infection ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Cell Mediated Immune Response ◽  
Membrane Antigens ◽  
Human Use

Abstract Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a parasitic disease causes serious medical consequences if treatment is delayed. Despite a decline in the number of VL cases in the Indian Subcontinent, the commencement of the disease in newer areas continues to be a major concern. Although serological diagnosis mainly by immunochromatographic tests has been found to be effective, test for cure in different phases of treatment is still desired. Even though a good prophylactic response has been obtained in murine models by a number of vaccine candidates, few have been proposed for human use. Methods: In this study, nine antigenic components (31, 34, 36, 45, 51, 63, 72, 91 and 97 kDa) of Leishmania promastigote membrane antigens, LAg, were electroeluted and evaluated through ELISA to diagnose and distinguish active VL from one month cured and six month past infection. Further, to investigate the immunogenicity of electroeluted proteins, human PBMCs of cured VL patients were stimulated with 31, 34, 51, 63, 72, and 91 kDa proteins. Results: We found that 34 and 51 kDa proteins show 100% sensitivity and specificity with healthy controls and other diseases. After six months post treatment, antibodies to 72 and 91 kDa antigens show a significant decline to almost normal levels. This suggests that 34 and 51 kDa are efficient in diagnosis whereas 72 and 91 kDa may be used to monitor treatment outcome. In another study, 51 and 63 kDa proteins demonstrated maximum ability for up-regulate IFN-g and IL-12 with minimum induction of IL-10 and TGF-β. The results indicating that 51 and 63 kDa proteins could be strong candidates for human immunization against VL. In contrast, 34 and 91 kDa demonstrated a reverse profile and may not be a good vaccine candidate. Conclusions: The preliminary data obtained in this study proposes the potential of some of the antigens in Leishmania diagnosis and for test of cure. Additionally, some antigens demonstrated good immunoprophylactic cytokine production through T cell mediated immune response suggesting future vaccine candidates for VL. However, further studies are necessary to explore these antigens in diagnosis and to access long-term immune response.

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