scholarly journals Effectiveness of 7-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Against Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in HIV-Infected and -Uninfected Children in South Africa: A Matched Case-Control Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 808-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl Cohen ◽  
Claire von Mollendorf ◽  
Linda de Gouveia ◽  
Nireshni Naidoo ◽  
Susan Meiring ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Matched Case Control Study ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals Effectiveness of seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against invasive pneumococcal disease: a matched case-control study

The Lancet ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 368 (9546) ◽  
pp. 1495-1502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia G Whitney ◽  
Tamar Pilishvili ◽  
Monica M Farley ◽  
William Schaffner ◽  
Allen S Craig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Matched Case Control Study ◽  
Control Study

Effectiveness of ten-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against invasive pneumococcal disease in Brazil: a matched case-control study

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 464-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Magda Allan S Domingues ◽  
Jennifer R Verani ◽  
Ernesto Issac Montenegro Renoiner ◽  
Maria Cristina de Cunto Brandileone ◽  
Brendan Flannery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Matched Case Control Study ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals Invasive pneumococcal disease: epidemiology in children and adults prior to implementation of the conjugate vaccine in the Oxfordshire region, England

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 480-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dona Foster ◽  
Kyle Knox ◽  
A. S. Walker ◽  
D. T. Griffiths ◽  
Hazel Moore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Polysaccharide Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Matched Case Control Study ◽  
Control Study

A 10-year invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) enhanced surveillance project in the Oxfordshire region of the UK between 1996 and 2005 identified a total of 2691 Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from all ages that provided a comprehensive description of pneumococcal epidemiology. All isolates were serotyped and those from children under 5 years of age were genotyped and a matched case–control study using adults hospitalized between 1995 and 2000 was performed to estimate the effectiveness of the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in the local population. Fifty-one serotypes were isolated, with different age distributions. The overall incidence of IPD was 9.2 cases per 100 000 population per annum [95 % confidence interval (CI), 8.6–9.9] and that of meningitis was 0.7 per 100 000 population per annum (95 % CI 0.5–0.9). After adjusting for age, serotype 1 was found to be less likely to be associated with meningitis versus other IPD, compared with the most common serotype 14, whereas serotype 12F was more likely to cause meningitis than other IPD. There were significant temporal changes in IPD incidence of four serotypes, with decreases in serotypes 1, 12F and 14 and increases in serotype 8. A possible novel variant (from serotype 6A to 6B) was found using multilocus sequence typing analysis. From the matched case–control study of adults, the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine effectiveness was estimated to be 43 % (2–68 %), which did not change significantly after adjustment for pre-existing co-morbidities. The data provide a baseline against which the impact of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduced in the UK in 2006 could be measured.

scholarly journals Generalisability of vaccine effectiveness estimates: an analysis of cases included in a postlicensure evaluation of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the USA

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. e017715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Link-Gelles ◽  
Daniel Westreich ◽  
Allison E Aiello ◽  
Nong Shang ◽  
David J Weber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Vaccine Effectiveness ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Matched Case Control Study ◽  
Control Study

ObjectivesExternal validity, or generalisability, is the measure of how well results from a study pertain to individuals in the target population. We assessed generalisability, with respect to socioeconomic status, of estimates from a matched case–control study of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine effectiveness for the prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease in children in the USA.DesignMatched case–control study.SettingThirteen active surveillance sites for invasive pneumococcal disease in the USA.ParticipantsCases were identified from active surveillance and controls were age and zip code matched.Outcome measuresSocioeconomic status was assessed at the individual level via parent interview (for enrolled individuals only) and birth certificate data (for both enrolled and unenrolled individuals) and at the neighbourhood level by geocoding to the census tract (for both enrolled and unenrolled individuals). Prediction models were used to determine if socioeconomic status was associated with enrolment.ResultsWe enrolled 54.6% of 1211 eligible cases and found a trend toward enrolled cases being more affluent than unenrolled cases. Enrolled cases were slightly more likely to have private insurance at birth (p=0.08) and have mothers with at least some college education (p<0.01). Enrolled cases also tended to come from more affluent census tracts. Despite these differences, our best predictive model for enrolment yielded a concordance statistic of only 0.703, indicating mediocre predictive value. Variables retained in the final model were assessed for effect measure modification, and none were found to be significant modifiers of vaccine effectiveness.ConclusionsWe conclude that although enrolled cases are somewhat more affluent than unenrolled cases, our estimates are externally valid with respect to socioeconomic status. Our analysis provides evidence that this study design can yield valid estimates and the assessing generalisability of observational data is feasible, even when unenrolled individuals cannot be contacted.

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