scholarly journals Differential Adaptation of Descending Motor Tracts in Musicians

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 1490-1498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodor Rüber ◽  
Robert Lindenberg ◽  
Gottfried Schlaug
Keyword(s):  
Differential Adaptation ◽  
Motor Tracts

Evaluation of transcranial magnetic stimulation for investigating transmission in descending motor tracts in the rat

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 805-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Nielsen ◽  
M. A. Perez ◽  
M. Oudega ◽  
M. Enriquez-Denton ◽  
J.-M. Aimonetti
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Motor Tracts

Nervous Control of Chromatophores in Teleost Fishes

1964 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-552
Author(s):  
J. D. PYE
Keyword(s):  
Local Heating ◽  
Respiratory Rhythm ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Nervous Control ◽  
Temperature Thresholds ◽  
Motor Tracts ◽  
New Hypothesis

1. Observations of earlier workers on the chromatic responses to local heating or cooling of the skin of Phoxinus have been confirmed. They have also been found to hold true for anaesthetized fish, in which finer control and observation are possible. 2. The results of a series of nerve-section experiments are held to exclude any possibility that the responses of the intact fish are mediated by a nervous reflex from thermoreceptors in the skin. 3. The responses of melanophores following section of the chromatic motor tracts, or when isolated from the body, are considered to be independent cellular responses. 4. Normal responses in the intact fish show clear temperature thresholds and are completely dependent upon continuation of the respiratory rhythm. 5. Possible physiological mechanisms for mediating these non-adaptive responses are discussed and a new hypothesis is put forward.

scholarly journals Tadpoles of hybridising fire-bellied toads (B. bombina and B. variegata) differ in their susceptibility to predation

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0231804
Author(s):  
Radovan Smolinský ◽  
Vojtech Baláž ◽  
Beate Nürnberger
Keyword(s):  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Adaptive Divergence ◽  
Differential Adaptation ◽  
Risk Of Predation ◽  
Distribution Ranges ◽  
Bombina Bombina ◽  
Recent Debate ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Genomic Regions

The role of adaptive divergence in the formation of new species has been the subject of much recent debate. The most direct evidence comes from traits that can be shown to have diverged under natural selection and that now contribute to reproductive isolation. Here, we investigate differential adaptation of two fire-bellied toads (Anura, Bombinatoridae) to two types of aquatic habitat. Bombina bombina and B. variegata are two anciently diverged taxa that now reproduce in predator-rich ponds and ephemeral aquatic sites, respectively. Nevertheless, they hybridise extensively wherever their distribution ranges adjoin. We show in laboratory experiments that, as expected, B. variegata tadpoles are at relatively greater risk of predation from dragonfly larvae, even when they display a predator-induced phenotype. These tadpoles spent relatively more time swimming and so prompted more attacks from the visually hunting predators. We argue in the discussion that genomic regions linked to high activity in B. variegata should be barred from introgression into the B. bombina gene pool and thus contribute to gene flow barriers that keep the two taxa from merging into one.

Germination ecology of wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis) and its implications for weed management

Weed Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Aseemjot Singh ◽  
Gulshan Mahajan ◽  
Bhagirath Singh Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Radiant Heat ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Sinapis Arvensis ◽  
Germination Ecology ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Differential Adaptation ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) is a widespread weed of the southeastern cropping region of Australia. Seed germination ecology of S. arvensis populations selected from different climatic regions may differ due to adaptative traits. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of temperature, light, radiant heat, soil moisture, salt concentration, and burial depth on seed germination and seedling emergence of two [Queensland (Qld) population: tropical region; and Victoria (Vic) population: temperate region] populations of S. arvensis. Both populations germinated over a wide range of day/night (12 h/12 h) temperatures (15/5 to 35/25 C), and had the highest germination at 30/20 C. Under complete darkness, the Qld population (61%) had higher germination than the Vic population (21%); however, under the light/dark regime, both populations had similar germination (78 to 86%). At 100 C pretreatment for 5 min, the Qld population (44%) had higher germination than the Vic population (13%). Germination of both populations was nil when given pretreatment at 150 and 200 C. The Vic population was found tolerant to high osmotic and salt stress compared with the Qld population. At an osmotic potential of −0.4 MPa, germination of Qld and Vic populations was reduced by 85% and 42%, respectively, compared with their respective control. At 40, 80, and 160 mM sodium chloride, germination of the Qld population was lower than the Vic population. Averaged over the populations, seedling emergence was highest (52%) from a burial depth of 1 cm and was nil from 8 cm depth. Differential germination behaviors of both populations to temperature, light, radiant heat, water stress, and salt stress suggests that populations of S. arvensis may have undergone differential adaptation. Knowledge gained from this study will assist in developing suitable control measures for this weed species to reduce the soil seedbank.

Descending motor tracts

1981 ◽  
pp. 49-50
Author(s):  
J Bickerton ◽  
J Small
Keyword(s):  
Motor Tracts
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document