scholarly journals Sex Differences in the Human Brain and the Impact of Sex Chromosomes and Sex Hormones

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 2322-2336 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Lentini ◽  
M. Kasahara ◽  
S. Arver ◽  
I. Savic
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals An Insight into the Sex Differences in COVID-19 Patients: What are the Possible Causes?

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 438-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parisa Maleki Dana ◽  
Fatemeh Sadoughi ◽  
Jamal Hallajzadeh ◽  
Zatollah Asemi ◽  
Mohammad Ali Mansournia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Disaggregated Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Hormonal Levels

AbstractStudies have reported a sex bias in case fatalities of COVID-19 patients. Moreover, it is observed that men have a higher risk of developing a severe form of the disease compared to women, highlighting the importance of disaggregated data of male and female COVID-19 patients. On the other hand, other factors (eg, hormonal levels and immune functions) also need to be addressed due to the effects of sex differences on the outcomes of COVID-19 patients. An insight into the underlying causes of sex differences in COVID-19 patients may provide an opportunity for better care of the patients or prevention of the disease. The current study reviews the reports concerning with the sex differences in COVID-19 patients. It is explained how sex can affect angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), that is a key component for the pathogenesis of COVID-19, and summarized the gender differences in immune responses and how sex hormones are involved in immune processes. Furthermore, the available data about the impact of sex hormones on the immune functions of COVID-19 cases are looked into.

Regional sex differences in grey matter volume are associated with sex hormones in the young adult human brain

NeuroImage ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 1205-1212 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Veronica Witte ◽  
Markus Savli ◽  
Alexander Holik ◽  
Siegfried Kasper ◽  
Rupert Lanzenberger
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Grey Matter Volume ◽  
Adult Human Brain ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
Adult Human

scholarly journals Sex Differences in Stroke

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
pp. 2100-2107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy AM Haast ◽  
Deborah R Gustafson ◽  
Amanda J Kiliaan
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Stroke Onset ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Sex Steroid Hormone ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
The Impact

Sex differences in stroke are observed across epidemiologic studies, pathophysiology, treatments, and outcomes. These sex differences have profound implications for effective prevention and treatment and are the focus of this review. Epidemiologic studies reveal a clear age-by-sex interaction in stroke prevalence, incidence, and mortality. While premenopausal women experience fewer strokes than men of comparable age, stroke rates increase among postmenopausal women compared with age-matched men. This postmenopausal phenomenon, in combination with living longer, are reasons for women being older at stroke onset and suffering more severe strokes. Thus, a primary focus of stroke prevention has been based on sex steroid hormone-dependent mechanisms. Sex hormones affect different (patho)physiologic functions of the cerebral circulation. Clarifying the impact of sex hormones on cerebral vasculature using suitable animal models is essential to elucidate male–female differences in stroke pathophysiology and development of sex-specific treatments. Much remains to be learned about sex differences in stroke as anatomic and genetic factors may also contribute, revealing its multifactorial nature. In addition, the aftermath of stroke appears to be more adverse in women than in men, again based on older age at stroke onset, longer prehospital delays, and potentially, differences in treatment.

scholarly journals Sex Hormone–Dependent Lipid Mediator Formation in Male and Female Mice During Peritonitis

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabiana Troisi ◽  
Simona Pace ◽  
Paul M. Jordan ◽  
Katharina P. L. Meyer ◽  
Rossella Bilancia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Lipid Mediator ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Cd1 Mice ◽  
Regulatory Effects ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Lox Products

Introduction: Sex differences in inflammation are obvious and contribute to divergences in the incidence and severity of inflammation-related diseases that frequently preponderate in women. Lipid mediators (LMs), mainly produced by lipoxygenase (LOX) and cyclooxygenase (COX) pathways from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), regulate all stages of inflammation. Experimental and clinical studies revealed sex divergences for selected LM pathways without covering the entire LM spectrum, and only few studies have addressed the respective role of sex hormones. Here, we performed the comprehensive LM profile analysis with inflammatory peritoneal exudates and plasma from male and female mice in zymosan-induced peritonitis to identify the potential sex differences in LM biosynthesis during the inflammatory response. We also addressed the impact of sex hormones by employing gonadectomy.Methods: Adult male and female CD1 mice received intraperitoneal injection of zymosan to induce peritonitis, a well-established experimental model of acute, self-resolving inflammation. Mice were gonadectomized 5 weeks prior to peritonitis induction. Peritoneal exudates and plasma were taken at 4 (peak of inflammation) and 24 h (onset of resolution) post zymosan and subjected to UPLC–MS-MS–based LM signature profiling; exudates were analyzed for LM biosynthetic proteins by Western blot; and plasma was analyzed for cytokines by ELISA.Results: Pro-inflammatory COX and 5-LOX products predominated in the peritoneum of males at 4 and 24 h post-zymosan, respectively, with slightly higher 12/15-LOX products in males after 24 h. Amounts of COX-2, 5-LOX/FLAP, and 15-LOX-1 were similar in exudates of males and females. In plasma of males, only moderate elevation of these LMs was apparent. At 4 h post-zymosan, gonadectomy strongly elevated 12/15-LOX products in the exudates of males, while in females, free PUFA and LOX products were rather impaired. In plasma, gonadectomy impaired most LMs in both sexes at 4 h with rather up-regulatory effects at 24 h. Finally, elevated 15-LOX-1 protein was evident in exudates of males at 24 h which was impaired by orchiectomy without the striking impact of gonadectomy on other enzymes in both sexes.Conclusions: Our results reveal obvious sex differences and roles of sex hormones in LM biosynthetic networks in acute self-resolving inflammation in mice, with several preponderances in males that appear under the control of androgens.

scholarly journals Sex chromosome contributions to sex differences in multiple sclerosis susceptibility and progression

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhonda R Voskuhl ◽  
Amr H Sawalha ◽  
Yuichiro Itoh
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Chromosome Gene ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Bone Marrow Chimeras

Background: Why are women more susceptible to multiple sclerosis, but men have worse disability progression? Sex differences in disease may be due to sex hormones, sex chromosomes, or both. Objective: Determine whether differences in sex chromosomes can contribute to sex differences in multiple sclerosis using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Methods: Sex chromosome transgenic mice, which permit the study of sex chromosomes not confounded by differences in sex hormones, were used to examine an effect of sex chromosomes on autoimmunity and neurodegeneration, focusing on X chromosome genes. Results: T-lymphocyte DNA methylation studies of the X chromosome gene Foxp3 suggested that maternal versus paternal imprinting of X chromosome genes may underlie sex differences in autoimmunity. Bone marrow chimeras with the same immune system but different sex chromosomes in the central nervous system suggested that differential expression of the X chromosome gene Toll-like receptor 7 in neurons may contribute to sex differences in neurodegeneration. Conclusion: Mapping the transcriptome and methylome in T lymphocytes and neurons in females versus males could reveal mechanisms underlying sex differences in autoimmunity and neurodegeneration.

scholarly journals Sex differences in the developmental origins of hypertension and cardiorenal disease

2008 ◽  
Vol 295 (6) ◽  
pp. R1941-R1952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Gilbert ◽  
Mark J. Nijland
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
The Body ◽  
Developmental Origins ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
The Impact

The “developmental origins of health and disease” (DOHAD) hypothesis derives from clinical observations, indicating long-term health consequences for persons of low birth weight. There is growing evidence, primarily from animal studies, that supports the idea that processes put in motion during development that contribute to DOHAD do not necessarily reflect as significantly compromised growth and altered birth weight. Throughout the body of work investigating the DOHAD hypothesis, several themes have emerged; the importance of the placenta, the presence of critical periods of vulnerability, the involvement of the kidney in programmed hypertension, the presence of sex differences in the progression and development of adult diseases. Despite compelling findings in recent studies, much remains unclear regarding the impact of biological sex in the progression of human diseases, in general, and in the mechanisms underlying developmentally programmed responses, in particular. Although the contribution of biological sex to DOHAD is increasingly recognized, it also appears that it may exert distinctly different influences during fetal and adult life. The mechanisms by which biological sex contributes to these processes remains nebulous at present; nevertheless, several intriguing mechanistic candidates have been proposed ranging from differences in the amounts of sex hormones (e.g., estrogens, androgens) to recently described sexual dimorphism in the transcriptome of a variety of mammalian tissues. Recognizing the influences of biological sex or sex hormones on DOHAD uniquely situates research in this area to provide significant insights into the development and progression of many diseases, recent examples of which are the subject of this review.

scholarly journals Sex Differences and the Impact of Steroid Hormones on the Developing Human Brain

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 464-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Neufang ◽  
K. Specht ◽  
M. Hausmann ◽  
O. Gunturkun ◽  
B. Herpertz-Dahlmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Mechanisms for sex differences in energy homeostasis

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. R129-R143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunmei Wang ◽  
Yong Xu
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Liver Fat ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Multiple Organs ◽  
Specific Regulation ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Sex differences exist in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Better understanding of the underlying mechanisms for sexual dimorphism in energy balance may facilitate development of gender-specific therapies for human diseases, e.g. obesity. Multiple organs, including the brain, liver, fat and muscle, play important roles in the regulations of feeding behavior, energy expenditure and physical activity, which therefore contribute to the maintenance of energy balance. It has been increasingly appreciated that this multi-organ system is under different regulations in male vs female animals. Much of effort has been focused on roles of sex hormones (including androgens, estrogens and progesterone) and sex chromosomes in this sex-specific regulation of energy balance. Emerging evidence also indicates that other factors (not sex hormones/receptors and not encoded by the sex chromosomes) exist to regulate energy homeostasis differentially in males vs females. In this review, we summarize factors and signals that have been shown to regulate energy homeostasis in a sexually dimorphic fashion and propose a framework where these factors and signals may be integrated to mediate sex differences in energy homeostasis.

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