scholarly journals Distinct Temporospatial Interhemispheric Interactions in the Human Primary and Premotor Cortex during Movement Preparation

2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1323-1331 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Liuzzi ◽  
V. Horniss ◽  
J. Hoppe ◽  
K. Heise ◽  
M. Zimerman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Movement Preparation

scholarly journals Delay of Movement Caused by Disruption of Cortical Preparatory Activity

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 348-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark M. Churchland ◽  
Krishna V. Shenoy
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Intracortical Microstimulation ◽  
Movement Preparation ◽  
Preparation Time ◽  
Preparatory Activity ◽  
Specific Increase ◽  
Optimal Subspace

We tested the hypothesis that delay-period activity in premotor cortex is essential to movement preparation. During a delayed-reach task, we used subthreshold intracortical microstimulation to disrupt putative “preparatory” activity. Microstimulation led to a highly specific increase in reach reaction time. Effects were largest when activity was disrupted around the time of the go cue. Earlier disruptions, which presumably allowed movement preparation time to recover, had only a weak impact. Furthermore, saccadic reaction time showed little or no increase. Finally, microstimulation of nearby primary motor cortex, even when slightly suprathreshold, had little effect on reach reaction time. These findings provide the first evidence, of a causal and temporally specific nature, that activity in premotor cortex is fundamental to movement preparation. Furthermore, although reaction times were increased, the movements themselves were essentially unperturbed. This supports the suggestion that movement preparation is an active and actively monitored process and that movement can be delayed until inaccuracies are repaired. These results are readily interpreted in the context of the recently developed optimal-subspace hypothesis.

Repetitive stimulation of premotor cortex affects primary motor cortex excitability and movement preparation

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 152-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cathy M. Stinear ◽  
P. Alan Barber ◽  
James P. Coxon ◽  
Toby S. Verryt ◽  
Pratima P. Acharya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Repetitive Stimulation ◽  
Movement Preparation ◽  
Motor Cortex Excitability ◽  
Stimulation Of

scholarly journals Neural dynamics of variable grasp movement preparation in the macaque fronto-parietal network

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan A Michaels ◽  
Benjamin Dann ◽  
Rijk W Intveld ◽  
Hansjörg Scherberger
Keyword(s):  
Parietal Cortex ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Movement Preparation ◽  
Reach To Grasp ◽  
Movement Initiation ◽  
Preparation Time ◽  
Population Activity ◽  
Grasp Planning ◽  
Macaque Monkeys

AbstractOur voluntary grasping actions lie on a continuum between immediate action and waiting for the right moment, depending on the context. Therefore, studying grasping requires investigating how preparation time affects this process. Two macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta) performed a grasping task with a short instruction followed by an immediate or delayed go cue (0-1300 ms) while we recorded in parallel from neurons in the hand area (F5) of the ventral premotor cortex and the anterior intraparietal area (AIP). Initial population dynamics followed a fixed trajectory in the neural state space unique to each grip type, reflecting unavoidable preparation, then diverged depending on the delay. Although similar types of single unit responses were present in both areas, population activity in AIP stabilized within a unique memory state while F5 activity continued to evolve, tracking subjective anticipation of the go cue. Intriguingly, activity during movement initiation clustered into two trajectory clusters, corresponding to movements that were either ‘as fast as possible’ or withheld movements, demonstrating a widespread state shift in the fronto-parietal grasping network when movements must be withheld. Our results reveal how dissociation between static and dynamic components of movement preparation as well as differentiation between cortical areas is possible through population level analysis.Significance StatementMany of our movements must occur with no warning, while others we can prepare in advance. Yet, it’s unclear how planning for movements along the spectrum between these two situations differs in the brain. Two macaque monkeys made reach to grasp movements after varying amounts of preparation time while we recorded from premotor and parietal cortex. We found that the initial response to a grasp instruction was specific to the required movement, but not the preparation time, reflecting required processing. However, when more preparation time was given, neural activity achieved unique states that likely related to withholding movements and anticipation of movement, which was more prevalent in premotor cortex, suggesting differing roles of premotor and parietal cortex in grasp planning.

Action prediction and the premotor cortex

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waltraud Stadler ◽  
Ricarda I. Schubotz ◽  
Anne Springer ◽  
Wolfgang Prinz
Keyword(s):  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Action Prediction

Ageing affects interhemispheric interaction during movement preparation

2008 ◽  
Vol 39 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
G Liuzzi ◽  
V Hörniß ◽  
J Hoppe ◽  
C Gerloff ◽  
F Hummel
Keyword(s):  
Interhemispheric Interaction ◽  
Movement Preparation

The frontal longitudinal system as revealed through the fiber microdissection technique: structural evidence underpinning the direct connectivity of the prefrontal-premotor circuitry

2020 ◽  
Vol 133 (5) ◽  
pp. 1503-1515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spyridon Komaitis ◽  
Aristotelis V. Kalyvas ◽  
Georgios P. Skandalakis ◽  
Evangelos Drosos ◽  
Evgenia Lani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Frontal Area ◽  
Frontal Pole ◽  
Fiber System ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Anterior Extension ◽  
Brodmann Areas ◽  
Longitudinal Fiber ◽  
Long Fibers

OBJECTIVEThe purpose of this study was to investigate the morphology, connectivity, and correlative anatomy of the longitudinal group of fibers residing in the frontal area, which resemble the anterior extension of the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) and were previously described as the frontal longitudinal system (FLS).METHODSFifteen normal adult formalin-fixed cerebral hemispheres collected from cadavers were studied using the Klingler microdissection technique. Lateral to medial dissections were performed in a stepwise fashion starting from the frontal area and extending to the temporoparietal regions.RESULTSThe FLS was consistently identified as a fiber pathway residing just under the superficial U-fibers of the middle frontal gyrus or middle frontal sulcus (when present) and extending as far as the frontal pole. The authors were able to record two different configurations: one consisting of two distinct, parallel, longitudinal fiber chains (13% of cases), and the other consisting of a single stem of fibers (87% of cases). The fiber chains’ cortical terminations in the frontal and prefrontal area were also traced. More specifically, the FLS was always recorded to terminate in Brodmann areas 6, 46, 45, and 10 (premotor cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, pars triangularis, and frontal pole, respectively), whereas terminations in Brodmann areas 4 (primary motor cortex), 47 (pars orbitalis), and 9 were also encountered in some specimens. In relation to the SLF system, the FLS represented its anterior continuation in the majority of the hemispheres, whereas in a few cases it was recorded as a completely distinct tract. Interestingly, the FLS comprised shorter fibers that were recorded to interconnect exclusively frontal areas, thus exhibiting different fiber architecture when compared to the long fibers forming the SLF.CONCLUSIONSThe current study provides consistent, focused, and robust evidence on the morphology, architecture, and correlative anatomy of the FLS. This fiber system participates in the axonal connectivity of the prefrontal-premotor cortices and allegedly subserves cognitive-motor functions. Based in the SLF hypersegmentation concept that has been advocated by previous authors, the FLS should be approached as a distinct frontal segment within the superior longitudinal system.

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