Visuomotor integration deficits are common to familial and sporadic preclinical Alzheimer’s disease

We investigated whether subtle visuomotor deficits were detectable in familial and sporadic preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. A circle-tracing task—with direct and indirect visual feedback, and dual-task subtraction—was completed by 31 individuals at 50% risk of familial Alzheimer’s disease (19 presymptomatic mutation carriers; 12 non-carriers) and 390 cognitively normal older adults (members of the British 1946 Birth Cohort, all born during the same week; age range at assessment = 69–71 years), who also underwent β-amyloid-PET/MRI to derive amyloid status (positive/negative), whole-brain volume and white matter hyperintensity volume. We compared preclinical Alzheimer’s groups against controls cross-sectionally (mutation carriers versus non-carriers; amyloid-positive versus amyloid-negative) on speed and accuracy of circle-tracing and subtraction. Mutation carriers (mean 7 years before expected onset) and amyloid-positive older adults traced disproportionately less accurately than controls when visual feedback was indirect, and were slower at dual-task subtraction. In the older adults, the same pattern of associations was found when considering amyloid burden as a continuous variable (Standardized Uptake Value Ratio). The effect of amyloid was independent of white matter hyperintensity and brain volumes, which themselves were associated with different aspects of performance: greater white matter hyperintensity volume was also associated with disproportionately poorer tracing accuracy when visual feedback was indirect, whereas larger brain volume was associated with faster tracing and faster subtraction. Mutation carriers also showed evidence of poorer tracing accuracy when visual feedback was direct. This study provides the first evidence of visuomotor integration deficits common to familial and sporadic preclinical Alzheimer’s disease, which may precede the onset of clinical symptoms by several years.