scholarly journals Neurological manifestations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2—a controversy ‘gone viral’

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Förster ◽  
Vivien Weyers ◽  
Patrick Küry ◽  
Michael Barnett ◽  
Hans-Peter Hartung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
New Disease ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Clinical Routine ◽  
Neurological Conditions ◽  
Causative Relation ◽  
Practical Implications

Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 first appeared in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and developed into a worldwide pandemic within the following 3 months causing severe bilateral pneumonia (coronavirus disease 2019) with in part fatal outcomes. After first experiences and tentative strategies to face this new disease, several cases were published describing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection related to the onset of neurological complaints and diseases such as, for instance, anosmia, stroke or meningoencephalitis. Of note, there is still a controversy about whether or not there is a causative relation between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and these neurological conditions. Other concerns, however, seem to be relevant as well. This includes not only the reluctance of patients with acute neurological complaints to report to the emergency department for fear of contracting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 but also the ethical and practical implications for neurology patients in everyday clinical routine. This paper aims to provide an overview of the currently available evidence for the occurrence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in the central and peripheral nervous system and the neurological diseases potentially involving this virus.

scholarly journals Neurological Manifestations of COVID-19 patients: An Updated Review and Observations of COVID Patients in the National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
pp. 122-132
Author(s):  
Mohammad Enayet Hussain ◽  
Md Azharul Hoque ◽  
Md Badrul Alam ◽  
Md Abdullah Yusuf ◽  
Rajib Nayan Chowdhury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Clinical Manifestation ◽  
Early Experience ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Recent Outbreak ◽  
Near Future

Involvement of the nervous system after viral infection is common. Certain viruses show neurotropism. Recent outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV 2 (SARSCov- 2) virus has also exhibited neurotropic properties with various neurological manifestations. The pathophysiology of their neurotropism is not yet clearly known. The details of pathophysiology, clinical manifestation and management are expected to be explored in the near future. Here we review the Neurological manifestations of COVID-19 and the early experience in the National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital. J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2020; 38(0): 122-132

scholarly journals COVID-19 and Neurological Manifestations

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (03) ◽  
pp. 177-182
Author(s):  
Neeraj Balaini ◽  
Manish Modi
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Neural Tissue ◽  
Retrograde Transport ◽  
Shortness Of Breath ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Virus Rna ◽  
Viral Illness

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a viral illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) which has taken the form of a pandemic. It mainly presents as fever, cough, shortness of breath involving respiratory system but neurological manifestations are increasingly being recognized worldwide and even virus RNA was demonstrated to be present in cerebrospinal fluid of a patient. SARS-CoV-2 involves both central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. Virus can enter the neural tissue from hematological route or through retrograde transport from nerve endings. Physicians especially neurologists should be aware regarding neurological manifestations as patient can present with these conditions in emergency. We therefore reviewed the neurological diseases or complications associated with COIVID-19 in available literature.

scholarly journals The Role of the Gastrointestinal System in Neuroinvasion by SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiali Xu ◽  
Zifeng Wu ◽  
Mi Zhang ◽  
Shijiang Liu ◽  
Ling Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Gastrointestinal System ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Prevention And Treatment

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is one of the most devastating pandemics in history. SARS-CoV-2 has infected more than 100 million people worldwide, leading to more than 3.5 million deaths. Initially, the clinical symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection were thought to be restricted to the respiratory system. However, further studies have revealed that SARS-CoV-2 can also afflict multiple other organs, including the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system. The number of gastrointestinal and neurological manifestations after SARS-CoV-2 infection has been rapidly increasing. Most importantly, patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 often exhibit comorbid symptoms in the gastrointestinal and neurological systems. This review aims to explore the pathophysiological mechanisms of neuroinvasion by SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 may affect the nervous system by invading the gastrointestinal system. We hope that this review can provide novel ideas for the clinical treatment of the neurological symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and references for developing prevention and treatment strategies.

scholarly journals Neurological manifestations and complications in patients with covid-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
I. K. Ternovyh ◽  
M. P. Topuzova ◽  
A. D. Chaykovskaya ◽  
P. Sh. Isabekova ◽  
T. M. Alekseeva
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Mechanisms Of Development ◽  
Large Groups

It becomes apparent that the neurological complications of COVID-19 are significantly common, but in some cases, establishing a causal relationship is difficult. For example, a stroke can occur for reasons unrelated to coronavirus infection, while Guillain–Barré syndrome and meningoencephalitis are likely to be a parainfection. Only long-term epidemiological studies in large groups of patients can clarify some of these issues. This will help to better understand the mechanisms of development of complications and develop schemes for their treatment and subsequent rehabilitation. The article presents the mechanisms of penetration of the coronavirus into the nervous system and systematizes the neurological manifestations and complications of COVID-19, which were described in the first 3 months of the pandemic. Particular attention is paid to the consideration of the complications of COVID-19 from the central and peripheral nervous system, the most interesting clinical examples are considered. Summing up the analysis of the literature, we can say that the clinical picture of neurological diseases and syndromes caused by coronavirus infection corresponds to the usual notions. Also considered is the assumption that SARS-CoV-2 can persist for a long time in the central nervous system in the form of inactive fragments, which means that it can recur in predisposed individuals when appropriate conditions arise. This suggestion is alarming regarding distant neurological complications in infected and cured patients.

scholarly journals CLINICAL MANIFESTATION AND PATHOGENESIS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM INVOLVEMENT IN SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS-2 INFECTION

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
VALENTINA TJANDRA DEWI ◽  
ANAK AGUNG AYU PUTRI LAKSMIDEWI ◽  
KETUT AYU SUDIARIANI
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Symptoms ◽  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The World

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) or CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection has spread throughout the world and becomes a global pandemic. Various studies are still ongoing to be able to understand this viral infection in terms of symptomatology, transmission, pathogenesis, its treatment, and prevention. In addition to respiratory symptoms that are commonly reported in SARS-CoV-2 infections, there are many reports of symptoms appearing in other organ systems with one of them being neurological manifestation. The neurological manifestations involve not only the central and peripheral nervous systems but also there was also a suspicion that the potential invasion of SARS-CoV-2 in the nervous system might be able to take part in the occurrence of respiratory failure that is found in patients with COVID-19. The continuity of the study and the awareness of medical personnel from various fields of science must be increased to fight against the COVID-19 pandemic and ensuring optimal treatment for patients.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Guillain-Barré Syndrome: A Review on Potential Pathogenic Mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahrzad Shoraka ◽  
Maria Lucia Brito Ferreira ◽  
Seyed Reza Mohebbi ◽  
Amir Ghaemi
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Respiratory Symptoms ◽  
Guillain Barre Syndrome ◽  
New Disease ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Pathogenic Mechanisms ◽  
The World ◽  
Guillain Barré Syndrome ◽  
Guillain Barré

Since December 2019, the world has been facing an outbreak of a new disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The COVID-19 pandemic is caused by a novel beta-coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The SARS-CoV-2 infection mainly affects the respiratory system. Recently, there have been some reports of extra-respiratory symptoms such as neurological manifestations in COVID-19. According to the increasing reports of Guillain-Barré syndrome following COVID-19, we mainly focused on SARS-CoV-2 infection and Guillain-Barré syndrome in this review. We tried to explain the possibility of a relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and Guillain-Barré syndrome and potential pathogenic mechanisms based on current and past knowledge.

scholarly journals Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Impact on the Central Nervous System: Are Astrocytes and Microglia Main Players or Merely Bystanders?

ASN NEURO ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 175909142095496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronica Murta ◽  
Alejandro Villarreal ◽  
Alberto J. Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Circumventricular Organs ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Cns Inflammation ◽  
The Central Nervous System

With confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases surpassing the 18 million mark around the globe, there is an imperative need to gain comprehensive understanding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although the main clinical manifestations of COVID-19 are associated with respiratory or intestinal symptoms, reports of neurological signs and symptoms are increasing. The etiology of these neurological manifestations remains obscure, and probably involves several direct pathways, not excluding the direct entry of the virus to the central nervous system (CNS) through the olfactory epithelium, circumventricular organs, or disrupted blood–brain barrier. Furthermore, neuroinflammation might occur in response to the strong systemic cytokine storm described for COVID-19, or due to dysregulation of the CNS rennin-angiotensin system. Descriptions of neurological manifestations in patients in the previous coronavirus (CoV) outbreaks have been numerous for the SARS-CoV and lesser for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Strong evidence from patients and experimental models suggests that some human variants of CoV have the ability to reach the CNS and that neurons, astrocytes, and/or microglia can be target cells for CoV. A growing body of evidence shows that astrocytes and microglia have a major role in neuroinflammation, responding to local CNS inflammation and/or to disbalanced peripheral inflammation. This is another potential mechanism for SARS-CoV-2 damage to the CNS. In this comprehensive review, we will summarize the known neurological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV; explore the potential role for astrocytes and microglia in the infection and neuroinflammation; and compare them with the previously described human and animal CoV that showed neurotropism to propose possible underlying mechanisms.

scholarly journals Neurological manifestations and pathophysiological mechanisms of Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1040-1047
Author(s):  
Cristiano Gaujac ◽  
Regiane Cristina Amaral
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Neurological Involvement ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Pathophysiological Mechanisms ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The Relationship

Background - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 is a novel, highly infectious coronavirus and the etiologic agent of Covid-19. The course of Covid-19 can range from mild flu-like symptoms to severe, life-threatening symptoms, especially when comorbidities are present. Increasing studies have reinforced the association between SARS-CoV-2 and various neurological manifestations, although the pathophysiological mechanisms remain uncertain. Objective - The aim of this paper was to briefly describe current findings on the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology and major CNS and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) manifestations. Methods and Material - This work consists of a literature review based on the study of academic papers. To this end, the Pubmed platform was used to search for scientific articles, using the keywords: covid-19, coronavirus, physiopathology, neuronal symptoms. Results - out of 114,660 articles found, 94 were selected for this review. Conclusions - Periodic reviews collaborate in the constant updating and summarization of findings. Understanding the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 on the SN and the link between the systems may lead to earlier and earlier diagnoses of neurological involvement, guide therapeutic management, prevent sequelae, and preserve lives.

scholarly journals “Neurological manifestations of COVID-19” - guideline of the German society of neurology

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Berlit ◽  
Julian Bösel ◽  
Georg Gahn ◽  
Stefan Isenmann ◽  
Sven G. Meuth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Intracerebral Hemorrhage ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Neuromuscular Diseases ◽  
German Society ◽  
Neurological Manifestations

AbstractInfection with the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) leads to a previously unknown clinical picture, which is known as COVID-19 (COrona VIrus Disease-2019) and was first described in the Hubei region of China. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has implications for all areas of medicine. It directly and indirectly affects the care of neurological diseases. SARS-CoV-2 infection may be associated with an increased incidence of neurological manifestations such as encephalopathy and encephalomyelitis, ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage, anosmia and neuromuscular diseases.In October 2020, the German Society of Neurology (DGN, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie) published the first guideline on the neurological manifestations of the new infection. This S1 guideline provides guidance for the care of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection regarding neurological manifestations, patients with neurological disease with and without SARS-CoV-2 infection, and for the protection of healthcare workers.This is an abbreviated version of the guideline issued by the German Neurological society and published in the Guideline repository of the AWMF (Working Group of Scientific Medical Societies; Arbeitsgemeinschaft wissenschaftlicher Medizinischer Fachgesellschaften).

scholarly journals HTLV-1 and neurological conditions: when to suspect and when to order a diagnostic test for HTLV-1 infection?

2009 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abelardo Q.C. Araújo ◽  
Ana Claudia C. Leite ◽  
Marco Antonio S.D. Lima ◽  
Marcus Tulius T. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Nervous System Diseases ◽  
Htlv Infection ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Neurological Patients ◽  
Neurological Conditions ◽  
Clinical Conditions

HTLV-1 is a retrovirus associated with a myriad of clinical conditions, especially hematological and neurological ones. Regarding nervous system diseases, it is of utmost importance to select those cases in which HTLV-1 infection could really be associated. This is particularly true for patients from endemic areas and for HIV-infected patients and drug users, since that these groups are at a higher risk for HTLV infection. This caution in selecting neurological patients for HTLV diagnostic tests is justified by the fact that in some circumstances the seropositivity may merely represent an epiphenomenon. In this paper we enroll some neurological conditions that have been associated with HTLV-1/2 infection in the literature and discuss the real need for HTLV-1/2 diagnostic tests in each one. Because HIV/HTLV-co-infected patients seem to be at an increased risk for neurological diseases development, a special consideration about this matter is also made.

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