LONGITUDINAL FIBRE SPLITTING IN NEUROGENIC MUSCULAR DISORDERS—ITS RELATION TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF ‘MYOPATHIC’ CHANGE

Brain ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARTIN S. SCHWARTZ ◽  
MARGARET SARGEANT ◽  
MICHAEL SWASH
Keyword(s):  
Muscular Disorders ◽  
Myopathic Change ◽  
Longitudinal Fibre

Reducing Body Myopathy and Other FHL1-Related Muscular Disorders

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Schessl ◽  
Sarah Feldkirchner ◽  
Christiana Kubny ◽  
Benedikt Schoser
Keyword(s):  
Muscular Disorders

scholarly journals The Functional Role of Calcineurin in Hypertrophy, Regeneration, and Disorders of Skeletal Muscle

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kunihiro Sakuma ◽  
Akihiko Yamaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Muscular Hypertrophy ◽  
Growth And Remodeling ◽  
Muscular Disorders ◽  
Slow Twitch ◽  
Fast Twitch ◽  
Calcineurin Activity ◽  
Muscle Remodeling

Skeletal muscle uses calcium as a second messenger to respond and adapt to environmental stimuli. Elevations in intracellular calcium levels activate calcineurin, a serine/threonine phosphatase, resulting in the expression of a set of genes involved in the maintenance, growth, and remodeling of skeletal muscle. In this review, we discuss the effects of calcineurin activity on hypertrophy, regeneration, and disorders of skeletal muscle. Calcineurin is a potent regulator of muscle remodeling, enhancing the differentiation through upregulation of myogenin or MEF2A and downregulation of the Id1 family and myostatin. Foxo may also be a downstream candidate for a calcineurin signaling molecule during muscle regeneration. The strategy of controlling the amount of calcineurin may be effective for the treatment of muscular disorders such as DMD, UCMD, and LGMD. Activation of calcineurin produces muscular hypertrophy of the slow-twitch soleus muscle but not fast-twitch muscles.

scholarly journals Investigations on the occurrence of a muscular disorder in Austrian slaughter pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas Schwarz ◽  
Carolin Schöner ◽  
Rene Brunthaler ◽  
Herbert Weissenböck ◽  
Tanja Bernreiter-Hofer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscular Dystrophy ◽  
Rare Event ◽  
Meat Inspection ◽  
Pig Breeds ◽  
Upper Austria ◽  
Male Individual ◽  
Muscular Disorders ◽  
Slaughter Pigs ◽  
Causal Variants ◽  
The University

Abstract Background In slaughterhouse, veterinarians responsible for meat inspection are often confronted with abnormalities in carcasses, not only in pigs but in all livestock species. In 2017, a veterinarian responsible for meat inspection in a slaughterhouse in Styria, Austria, observed gluteal muscles infiltrated by fat and muscle tissue obviously being replaced by fat in two different slaughter pigs. These muscles were sent for further diagnostics to the University Clinic for Swine. Results The two muscle samples were investigated histopathologically and diagnosed with fatty muscular dystrophy. The results of routine histopathology were confirmed by dystrophin-specific immunohistochemistry. Sex of the two affected animals was determined retrospectively using a PCR-based protocol and resulted in one male and one female pig. A survey to determine the prevalence of fatty muscular disorders of pork revealed that this phenomenon gets frequently observed in Styria, but also occurs in Upper Austria and Lower Austria. Mostly gluteal and lumbal muscles were affected and approximately 20–40% of the affected muscles were replaced by fat. Conclusions Fatty muscular dystrophy or muscular steatosis, as it was sometimes called in early literature, seems not to be an uncommon and rare event and is known to have several different causes. As it was detected in both sexes, our observations are different to the described case in Japan, where only one male individual was affected. To avoid further increase of such cases (fatty muscular dystrophy), it would be useful to clarify the cause. First, whether the cause is environmental or genetic, and in case it is genetic it would be key to disentangle the underlying genomic architecture. Having causal variants described—one could think about integrating this information (depending on the mode of inheritance and the number of loci involved) in the breeding program of pigs. Furthermore, the proportion of non-Austrian pig genetics used for commercial pig production in Austria should be reviewed in order to be able to make reliable statements about the spread of the disease not only in Austrian pig breeds, but also in pig breeds worldwide.

scholarly journals Diagnostic Exercise: Equine Rhabdomyolysis

2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. E52-E59 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Quist ◽  
J. J. Dougherty ◽  
M. K. Chaffin ◽  
B. F. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
Muscular Pain ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Muscular Disorders ◽  
Streptococcus Equi ◽  
Quarter Horse ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Muscle Groups

A 1.5-year-old Quarter Horse gelding with a history of chronic nasal discharge and leukocytosis presented with signs of increased lethargy and muscular pain. The horse quickly became recumbent and unable to rise and was euthanized due to a poor prognosis. At necropsy, severe bilateral guttural pouch empyema was observed, as well as numerous well-demarcated areas of pallor within the skeletal muscles of all major muscle groups. Polymerase chain reaction testing of the guttural pouch exudate confirmed an infection with Streptococcus equi subsp. equi, and an S. equi–associated immune-mediated rhabdomyolysis was initially considered to be the most likely diagnosis. This report briefly discusses the various etiologies that should be considered in cases of equine myopathy, and it demonstrates the complexity of these poorly understood muscular disorders.

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