scholarly journals Evolution and life-history correlates of female song in the New World blackbirds

2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 967-977 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Jordan Price
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
New World ◽  
Female Song

scholarly journals Losses of female song with changes from tropical to temperate breeding in the New World blackbirds

2009 ◽  
Vol 276 (1664) ◽  
pp. 1971-1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Jordan Price ◽  
Scott M. Lanyon ◽  
Kevin E. Omland
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
New World ◽  
Female Song ◽  
Complex Song ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Apparent Relationship ◽  
Song Production ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Tropics

Birds in which both sexes produce complex songs are thought to be more common in the tropics than in temperate areas, where typically only males sing. Yet the role of phylogeny in this apparent relationship between female song and latitude has never been examined. Here, we reconstruct evolutionary changes in female song and breeding latitude in the New World blackbirds (Icteridae), a family with both temperate and tropical representatives. We provide strong evidence that members of this group have moved repeatedly from tropical to temperate breeding ranges and, furthermore, that these range shifts were associated with losses of female song more often than expected by chance. This historical perspective suggests that male-biased song production in many temperate species is the result not of sexual selection for complex song in males but of selection against such songs in females. Our results provide new insights into the differences we see today between tropical and temperate songbirds, and suggest that the role of sexual selection in the evolution of bird song might not be as simple as we think.

scholarly journals The evolution of social parasitism in Formica ants revealed by a global phylogeny

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek L Borowiec ◽  
Stefan P Cover ◽  
Christian Rabeling
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
New World ◽  
Social Parasitism ◽  
Social Parasite ◽  
Colony Foundation ◽  
Parasite Diversity ◽  
Social Parasites ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectories ◽  
Competing Hypotheses ◽  
Temporary Social Parasitism

Studying the behavioral and life history transitions from a cooperative, eusocial life history to exploitative social parasitism allows for deciphering the conditions under which changes in behavior and social organization lead to diversification. The Holarctic ant genus Formica is ideally suited for studying the evolution of social parasitism because half of its 178 species are confirmed or suspected social parasites, which includes all three major classes of social parasitism known in ants. However, the life-history transitions associated with the evolution of social parasitism in this genus are largely unexplored. To test competing hypotheses regarding the origins and evolution of social parasitism, we reconstructed the first global phylogeny of Formica ants and representative formicine outgroups. The genus Formica originated in the Old World during the Oligocene (~30 Ma ago) and dispersed multiple times to the New World. Within Formica, the capacity for dependent colony foundation and temporary social parasitism arose once from a facultatively polygynous, independently colony founding ancestor. Within this parasitic clade, dulotic social parasitism evolved once from a facultatively temporary parasitic ancestor that likely practiced colony budding frequently. Permanent social parasitism evolved twice from temporary social parasitic ancestors that rarely practiced colony budding, demonstrating that obligate social parasitism can originate from different facultative parasitic backgrounds in socially polymorphic organisms. In contrast to inquiline ant species in other genera, the high social parasite diversity in Formica likely originated via allopatric speciation, highlighting the diversity of convergent evolutionary trajectories resulting in nearly identical parasitic life history syndromes.

STUDIES ON STRONGYLOIDES OF PRIMATES: V. SYNONYMY OF THE SPECIES IN MONKEYS AND APES

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Premvati
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
New World ◽  
Comparative Morphology ◽  
New World Primates ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Old World ◽  
History Of

A study of the comparative morphology and life history of S. fülleborni, S. cebus, and S. simiae in both the parasitic and free-living generations under different environmental conditions, and their comparison with the free-living stages from faeces of Old World and New World primates has led to the conclusion that the three species should be synonymized into one, for which the name Strongyloides fülleborni von Linstow (1905) has priority.

Marginality and Allegories of Gendered Resistance

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huda Seif
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Toni Morrison ◽  
New World ◽  
West African ◽  
Agricultural Workers ◽  
Delta Region ◽  
American Women ◽  
Spiritual World ◽  
Spiritual Healers ◽  
The Devil

This chapter argues that the deployment and circulation of narratives of (dis)possession by the devil, particularly among women, represent a gendered form of understanding marginality and of confronting exploitation, domination, and material adversity. The compelling presence of the devil and malevolent spirits called jinn in the Delta region of southern Yemen in the 1990s echo accounts of spirits, tricksters, or aye in West African and New World cultures. Moreover, Margaret Garner's life history as interpreted by Toni Morrison in Beloved connects readers with a spiritual world of memory and possession that mirrors the experience of women spiritual healers and their patients in Yemen's al-Wadi Delta. Ultimately, internal and external struggles for control dominate Morrison's narrative of enslaved American women and the lives of women agricultural workers in southern Yemen.

scholarly journals Do Life History Traits Influence Patterns of Maternal Immune Elements in New World Blackbirds (Icteridae)?

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C A Fassbinder-Orth ◽  
L D Igl ◽  
D C Hahn ◽  
K M Watts ◽  
T E Wilcoxen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
New World ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Brood Parasites ◽  
Comparative Immunity

Abstract Avian immunology developed originally by investigating domesticated poultry species (Galliformes), but in recent decades eco-immunological studies of wild bird species have revealed that avian immune systems are more diverse than initially assumed. This study compares six immunological elements in eggs of six species within the same family, the New World blackbirds (Icteridae),whose members differ most notably in two life history parameters, brood parasitism and body size. We measured the maternal immune investment of passive immune components in both yolk and albumen: lysozyme, ovotransferrin, and immunoglobulins (Igs), and LPS-specific Igs. We predicted that brood parasites would have higher levels of immune activity for both innate and adaptive immunity compared with non-brood parasites, and that increased body size could increase microbial exposure of larger animals, resulting in an increase in some adaptive immune responses, such as LPS-specific Igs. We found that brood parasites had significantly higher levels of Igs and lysozyme levels in albumen, but significantly lower levels of Igs in yolk compared with non-brood parasites. Igs in yolk scaled according to body size, with the smallest organisms (the brood parasites) having the lowest levels, and the largest organism (common grackle) having the highest. Our results confirm the findings of other studies of comparative immunity among species in a single taxon that (1) similarities in immune investment cannot be assumed among closely related species and (2) single measures of immune defense cannot be assumed to be indicators of a species’ overall immune strategy, as life history traits can differentially affect immune responses.

A new species of Myiopharus Brauer and Bergenstamm (Diptera: Tachinidae) parasitic on adults of the sunflower beetle, Zygogramma exclamationis (Fabricius)

Zootaxa ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 1521 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES E. O’HARA
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
New Species ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
New World ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
History Of ◽  
A New Species

A new species of the New World genus Myiopharus Brauer and Bergenstamm, Myiopharus neilli sp. nov., is described from the Great Plains, bringing the number of species of this genus known from America north of Mexico to 15. Myiopharus neilli is a parasitoid of adults of the sunflower beetle, Zygogramma exclamationis. It belongs to the M. dorsalis (Coquillett) species group, the females of which possess a strongly sclerotized and laterally flattened ovipositor and a dense tuft of blunt setae medially on the katepisternum. Both sexes of M. neilli are described and illustrated, the life history of the species is reviewed, and the M. dorsalis group is characterized.

Additional host and locality records for Geckobiella texana (Banks), 1904 (Acarina, Pterygosomidae)

Parasitology ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 49 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 462-463
Author(s):  
K. M. Jack
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
New World

The New World iguanid lizards of the genus Sceloporus are parasitized by the scale-mite Geckobiella texana (Banks) 1904. This species has been sufficiently described by Banks (1904, 1906, 1907, 1915), Hirst (1917, 1926), Lawrence (1953) and Lane (1954), while the life history has been worked out by Goodwin (1954).

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