scholarly journals Coevolution with pollinating resin midges led to resin-filled nurseries in the androecia, gynoecia and tepals of Kadsura (Schisandraceae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. 653-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi-Xiao Luo ◽  
Ting-Ting Liu ◽  
Fei Cui ◽  
Zi-Yin Yang ◽  
Xiao-Ying Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South American ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Floral Structure ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Floral Reward ◽  
The Past ◽  
Male Flowers ◽  
Floral Resin ◽  
Species Specific

Abstract Background and Aims Resin is a defence against herbivores and a floral reward in a few African and South American species whose bee pollinators collect it for nest construction. Here we describe a new role for floral resin from the Asian genus Kadsura (Schisandraceae). Kadsura tepals tightly cover a globe formed by carpels (in females) or near-fused stamens with fleshy connectives (in male flowers of most, but not all species). Methods We carried out field observations at four sites in China and used pollinator behavioural assays, chemical analyses and time-calibrated insect and plant phylogenies to investigate the specificity of the interactions and their relationship to floral structure. Key Results Nocturnal resin midges (Resseliella, Cecidomyiidae) walk around on the flowers’ sexual organs to oviposit, thereby transferring pollen and wounding tissues. The larvae then develop in resin-filled chambers. Male and female floral scents are dominated by α-pinene, while the resinous exudate is dominated by caryophyllene. As revealed by barcoding of multiple midge larvae per flower species, the mutualisms are species specific and appear to have evolved over the past 6–9 million years. Conclusions Resin feeding, not pollen or ovule feeding, by midge larvae explains the abundant Kadsura exudates, highlighting the poorly known world of nocturnal flower–fly interactions.

Synopsis of the genus Atriplex (Amaranthaceae, Chenopodioideae) for South America

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolás F. Brignone ◽  
Silvia S. Denham ◽  
Raúl Pozner
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Digital Images ◽  
External Morphology ◽  
Second Step ◽  
South American ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
South American Species ◽  
New Synonym ◽  
Nomenclatural Change

This is the first integrative synopsis of the genus Atriplex L. for South America, based on the study of compared external morphology of extensive collections from South American herbaria, type material, digital images, original publications and field observations. The South American Atriplex flora includes 55 species, 45 of which are native species, mainly distributed in Argentina and Chile (a few of them growing in Bolivia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela), and 10 are adventive species. We accept two subspecies for Atriplex cordubensis Gand. & Stuck., namely, subsp. cordubensis and subsp. grandibracteata Múlgura, two varieties for A. imbricata D.Dietr., var. imbricata and var. foliolosa Rosas, proposed one new synonym for A. deserticola Phil., one nomenclatural change for A. mucronata Phil., and designate 19 lectotypes and one second-step lectotype for A. nummularia Lindl. This synopsis also includes a key to the 55 South American species, three new figures for A. asplundii Standl., A. oestophora S.F.Blake and A. rusbyi Britton, references for previous figures of the remaining species, illustrations of different positions of the radicle in the seeds, maps of distribution, taxonomic and morphological notes, and a complete list of material studied.

A taxonomic monograph of the fern genus Ctenitis (Dryopteridaceae) in South America

Phytotaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 335 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
RAQUEL STAUFFER VIVEROS ◽  
GERMINAL ROUHAN ◽  
ALEXANDRE SALINO
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Species Concept ◽  
The Other ◽  
South American ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Morphological Species ◽  
Morphological Species Concept

Based on collections of 45 Herbaria in addition to newly collected specimens and some field observations, a taxonomic treatment for South American Ctenitis is provided, a hundred years after Christensen’s monographs. Guided by morphological species concept, 26 taxa are recognized (23 species and three varieties). A key including all taxa is provided, and all species are fully morphologically described, with information on distribution and habitat. Brazil is the richest country with 22 taxa, of which 13 are endemic, restricted mainly to Atlantic Forest. Taxa occurring in the other South American countries are also widely distributed in Mesoamerica and West Indies, except C. megalastriformis, only known from Peru, and C. refulgens var. peruviana, recorded in Peru and Bolivia. We dealt with 163 names that apply to the South American species. In addition, we propose three new combinations, and designate 38 lectotypes and three neotypes.

scholarly journals Praxelis clematidea (Asteraceae, Eupatorieae, Praxelinae) in Uruguay: first record of the genus and the species

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 479-489
Author(s):  
Vanina G. Salgado ◽  
Mariana A. Grossi ◽  
H. Andrés González ◽  
Diego G. Gutiérrez
Keyword(s):  
First Record ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
South American ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Surrounding Areas

During the revision of the southern South American species of Praxelis, populations of P. clematidea were found in northwestern Uruguay. In this study, we provide the first record of the genus and the species for the Uruguayan flora, along with taxonomic and morphological analyses based on herbarium specimens and field observations. In addition, uses of P. clematidea, its distribution and habitat, common names, an illustration and a key to differentiate the species of Praxelis of Uruguay and surrounding areas of Argentina and Brazil are presented.

Cnidochloa: A New Genus of Grasses from Brazil (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-194
Author(s):  
Fernando O. Zuloaga ◽  
Sandra S. Aliscioni ◽  
M. Amalia Scataglini
Keyword(s):  
New Genus ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Molecular Characters

Generic boundaries of the South American species Panicum longipedicellatum Swallen are explored and compared with allied genera of the tribe Paniceae. On the basis of morphological, anatomical, and molecular characters a new genus, Cnidochloa Zuloaga, is proposed. The phylogenetic position of the new genus within the Paniceae is evaluated.

scholarly journals Flight-call as species-specific signal in South American parrots and the effect of species relatedness in call similarity

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos B. de Araújo ◽  
Paulo A. M. Marques ◽  
Jacques M. E. Vielliard
Keyword(s):  
South American ◽  
Specific Signal ◽  
As Species ◽  
Species Specific

2,2-Dialkylacetic Acids -A New Class of Naturally Occurring Lipid Constituents

1995 ◽  
Vol 50 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 123-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gottfried Raab ◽  
Jürgen Jacob
Keyword(s):  
Retention Time ◽  
Relative Retention Time ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
South American ◽  
Time Data ◽  
New Class ◽  
The Past ◽  
Relative Retention ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Acetic Acids

Abstract The uropygial gland waxes of the South American red-legged Seriema (Cariama cristata (L., 1766)) were found to be composed of unbranched alcohols and 2,2′-dialkyl-substituted acetic acids which so far have not been found in skin lipids. When used as a chemosystematic character, the occurrence of this lipid class separates the order Cariamiformes (Seriemas) from all other avian orders hitherto investigated, especially from the Gruiformes (cranes and rails) to which they have been tentatively attributed in the past. From the GC retention time data now available for a series of 2-alkyl-substituted fatty acid methyl esters relative retention time indices for other compounds may be predicted.

scholarly journals Comparison of Variance Estimators for Systematic Environmental Sample Surveys: Considerations for Post-Stratified Estimation

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 772
Author(s):  
Bryce Frank ◽  
Vicente J. Monleon
Keyword(s):  
Random Sampling ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
National Forest Inventory ◽  
Point Estimation ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Sampling Variance ◽  
Variance Estimators ◽  
The Past ◽  
Point Estimators ◽  
Species Specific

The estimation of the sampling variance of point estimators under two-dimensional systematic sampling designs remains a challenge, and several alternative variance estimators have been proposed in the past few decades. In this work, we compared six alternative variance estimators under Horvitz-Thompson (HT) and post-stratification (PS) point estimation regimes. We subsampled a multitude of species-specific forest attributes from a large, spatially balanced national forest inventory to compare the variance estimators. A variance estimator that assumes a simple random sampling design exhibited positive relative bias under both HT and PS point estimation regimes ranging between 1.23 to 1.88 and 1.11 to 1.78 for HT and PS, respectively. Alternative estimators reduced this positive bias with relative biases ranging between 1.01 to 1.66 and 0.90 to 1.64 for HT and PS, respectively. The alternative estimators generally obtained improved efficiencies under both HT and PS, with relative efficiency values ranging between 0.68 to 1.28 and 0.68 to 1.39, respectively. We identified two estimators as promising alternatives that provide clear improvements over the simple random sampling estimator for a wide variety of attributes and under HT and PS estimation regimes.

A New Cleistogamous South American Species of Eragrostis (Poaceae: Chloridoideae)

Brittonia ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Emmet J. Judziewicz ◽  
Paul M. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
South American ◽  
South American Species
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