Pollen-cone and seed-cone development, from bud burst to maturity, was investigated on Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch in three young plantations. The pollination mechanism was emphasized. Pollen cones grew rapidly to shed pollen, shrivelled, and remained on the trees for a year or more. Pollen was directed to the ovular regions by the bracts of the seed cones. Pollen adhered among papillae on the larger of two integument extensions. Degeneration of the centre of the papillate integument tip caused a collapse that drew pollen in as the papillate rim grew inward. This ingrowth was joined by that of the smaller integument extension, resulting in a sealed tubular structure that enclosed a dry micropylar canal. Pollen was held by the ingrown plug of degenerated tissue as the nucellus tip expanded into the base of the canal. As this occurred, the ovules, with or without pollination, grew to ultimate seed size, and the initially small ovuliferous scales overgrew the bracts. First bract, then ovuliferous-scale growth was associated with a double-sigmoid form of cone elongation. In mature cones the bracts decreased and the ovuliferous scales (except near the tip) increased in size acropetally. Key words: bract, integument, ovuliferous scale, pollen cone, seed cone, tamarack or eastern larch.
The Pollination Mechanism in Trigonidium obtusum Lindl (Orchidaceae: Maxillariinae): Sexual Mimicry and Trap-flowers