scholarly journals 99 Heritability of Temperature and the Effects of Ageing on Temperature Regulation: An Observational Multi-Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. i12-i42
Author(s):  
R S Penfold ◽  
M B Zazzara ◽  
M F Österdahl ◽  
T Veenith ◽  
J M Lord ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Emergency Admission ◽  
Temperature Measurements ◽  
Tympanic Temperature ◽  
Teaching Hospitals ◽  
Linear Mixed Effect Model ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Effect Model ◽  
Fever Response

Abstract Introduction Ageing affects homeostasis and immunosenescence, resulting in aberrant fever and immune responses to infection in older adults. This study assesses heritability of basal temperature and explores effects of ageing on basal temperature and temperature in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods Observational study using multiple cohorts. Participants: (a) Twin volunteers: 1089 healthy adults enrolled in Twins-UK, mean age 59 (17); tympanic temperature measurements; (b) Community-based: 3972 adults using the COVID Symptom Study mobile application, age 43 (13); self-reported test-positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection; self-reported temperature measurements; (c) Hospitalised: cohorts of 520 and 757 adult patients with emergency admission to two teaching hospitals between 01/03/2020–04/05/2020, age 62 (17) and 68 (17) respectively; RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Analysis (a) heritability analysed using saturated and ACE univariate models; linear mixed-effect model for associations between basal temperature and age, sex and BMI. (b&c) multivariable linear regression for associations between temperature and age, sex and BMI; multivariable logistic regression for associations between fever(>/= 37.8°C) and age, sex and BMI. Results Basal temperature in twins demonstrated 50% heritability (95%CI[42–57%]). In healthy twin, community-based and hospitalised cohorts, increasing age is associated with lower temperatures, and increasing BMI with higher temperatures: (a) Twins (age:p < 0.001; BMI:p = 0.002); (b) Community-based (age: p < 0.001; BMI: p < 0.001); (c) Hospitalised (1st hospital: age: p = 0.106; BMI: p = 0.033; 2nd hospital: age: p < 0.001; BMI: p = 0.010). Increasing age was negatively and BMI positively associated with fever (1st hospital: Age: OR = 0.99, p = 0.033; BMI: OR = 1.00, p = 0.045; 2nd hospital: Age: OR = 0.99, p = 0.010; BMI: OR 1.02, p = 0.038). Conclusions Heritability of basal temperature suggests a genetic component to thermoregulation. Associations observed between increasing age and lower temperatures and higher BMI and higher temperatures are important in understanding effects of ageing and obesity on basal temperature and the fever response. In older adults, findings have important implications for defining fever thresholds and diagnosing infections, including SARS-CoV-2.

scholarly journals Individual factors including age, BMI and heritable factors underlie temperature variation in sickness and in health: an observational, multi-cohort study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rose S Penfold ◽  
Maria Beatrice Zazzara ◽  
Marc F Österdahl ◽  
Carly Welch ◽  
Mary Ni Lochlainn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Emergency Admission ◽  
Temperature Threshold ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Biological Variables ◽  
Significant Heritability ◽  
Fever Response

Abstract Background Ageing affects immunity, potentially altering fever response to infection. We assess effects of biological variables on basal temperature, and during COVID-19 infection, proposing an updated temperature threshold for older adults ≥65 years. Methods Participants were from four cohorts: 1089 unaffected adult TwinsUK volunteers; 520 adults with emergency admission to a London hospital with RT-PCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection; 757 adults with emergency admission to a Birmingham hospital with RT-PCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and 3972 adult community-based COVID Symptom Study participants self-reporting a positive RT-PCR test. Heritability was assessed using saturated and univariate ACE models; mixed-effect and multivariable linear regression examined associations between temperature, age, sex and BMI; multivariable logistic regression examined associations between fever (≥37.8°C) and age; receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to identify temperature threshold for adults ≥ 65 years. Results Among unaffected volunteers, lower BMI (p=0.001), and increasing age (p<0.001) associated with lower basal temperature. Basal temperature showed a heritability of 47% 95% Confidence Interval 18-57%). In COVID-19+ participants, increasing age was associated with lower temperatures in Birmingham and community-based cohorts (p<0.001). For each additional year of age, participants were 1% less likely to demonstrate a fever ≥37.8°C (OR 0.99; p<0.001). Combining healthy and COVID-19+ participants, a temperature of 37.4°C in adults ≥65 years had similar sensitivity and specificity to 37.8°C in adults <65 years for discriminating infection. Conclusions Ageing affects temperature in health and acute infection, with significant heritability, indicating genetic factors contribute to temperature regulation. Our observations suggest a lower threshold (37.4°C/97.3°F) for identifying fever in older adults ≥65 years.

scholarly journals Visual-somatosensory integration in aging: Does stimulus location really matter?

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEANNETTE R. MAHONEY ◽  
CUILING WANG ◽  
KRISTINA DUMAS ◽  
ROEE HOLTZER
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Race Model ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Linear Mixed Effect Model ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Multiple Modalities ◽  
Effect Model ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions ◽  
Study Participants

AbstractIndividuals are constantly bombarded by sensory stimuli across multiple modalities that must be integrated efficiently. Multisensory integration (MSI) is said to be governed by stimulus properties including space, time, and magnitude. While there is a paucity of research detailing MSI in aging, we have demonstrated that older adults reveal the greatest reaction time (RT) benefit when presented with simultaneous visual-somatosensory (VS) stimuli. To our knowledge, the differential RT benefit of visual and somatosensory stimuli presented within and across spatial hemifields has not been investigated in aging. Eighteen older adults (Mean = 74 years; 11 female), who were determined to be non-demented and without medical or psychiatric conditions that may affect their performance, participated in this study. Participants received eight randomly presented stimulus conditions (four unisensory and four multisensory) and were instructed to make speeded foot-pedal responses as soon as they detected any stimulation, regardless of stimulus type and location of unisensory inputs. Results from a linear mixed effect model, adjusted for speed of processing and other covariates, revealed that RTs to all multisensory pairings were significantly faster than those elicited to averaged constituent unisensory conditions (p< 0.01). Similarly, race model violation did not differ based on unisensory spatial location (p= 0.41). In summary, older adults demonstrate significantVSmultisensory RT effects to stimuli both within and across spatial hemifields.

scholarly journals Assessment of fNIRS Processing Methods on Active Walking Data: Findings and Implications for Future Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 791-792
Author(s):  
Meltem Izzetoglu ◽  
Roee Holtzer
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Linear Mixed Effect Model ◽  
Large Dataset ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Effect Model ◽  
Intraclass Correlations ◽  
Task Conditions

Abstract Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) studies utilized a limited and inconsistent number of processing algorithms to assess the prefrontal activity during active walking. To address this critical limitation, we have reanalyzed our large dataset of older adults (n=83) who underwent single and dual-task walking (STW and DTW) protocol by applying different hemodynamic conversion parameters and movement and physiological artifact removal methods. Linear mixed effect model results indicated significant increases in oxygenated-hemoglobin (HbO2) with expected decline in deoxygenated-hemoglobin (Hb) from STW to DTW (range of effect sizes: 0.59 to 0.64 for HbO2, 0.18 to 0.32 for Hb) irrespective of the methods used. In addition, intraclass correlations suggested excellent reliability across methods and task conditions (HbO2 range=0.982 to 0.996; Hb range=0.883 to 0.984). These findings support fNIRS as a robust approach for measuring prefrontal activity in older adults during walking and emphasize the importance for establishing explicit guidelines/principles for fNIRS processing.

scholarly journals MegaLMM: Mega-scale linear mixed models for genomic predictions with thousands of traits

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel E. Runcie ◽  
Jiayi Qu ◽  
Hao Cheng ◽  
Lorin Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Prediction ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Human Genetics ◽  
Linear Mixed Effect Model ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Statistical Framework ◽  
Effect Model ◽  
Plant Data ◽  
Genetic Value

AbstractLarge-scale phenotype data can enhance the power of genomic prediction in plant and animal breeding, as well as human genetics. However, the statistical foundation of multi-trait genomic prediction is based on the multivariate linear mixed effect model, a tool notorious for its fragility when applied to more than a handful of traits. We present , a statistical framework and associated software package for mixed model analyses of a virtually unlimited number of traits. Using three examples with real plant data, we show that can leverage thousands of traits at once to significantly improve genetic value prediction accuracy.

scholarly journals Limited not lazy: a quasi-experimental secondary analysis of evidence quality evaluations by those who hold implausible beliefs

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristy A. Martire ◽  
Bethany Growns ◽  
Agnes S. Bali ◽  
Bronte Montgomery-Farrer ◽  
Stephanie Summersby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Linear Mixed Effect Model ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
High Quality Evidence ◽  
Effect Model ◽  
Evidence Quality ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Quality Evidence

AbstractPast research suggests that an uncritical or ‘lazy’ style of evaluating evidence may play a role in the development and maintenance of implausible beliefs. We examine this possibility by using a quasi-experimental design to compare how low- and high-quality evidence is evaluated by those who do and do not endorse implausible claims. Seven studies conducted during 2019–2020 provided the data for this analysis (N = 746). Each of the seven primary studies presented participants with high- and/or low-quality evidence and measured implausible claim endorsement and evaluations of evidence persuasiveness (via credibility, value, and/or weight). A linear mixed-effect model was used to predict persuasiveness from the interaction between implausible claim endorsement and evidence quality. Our results showed that endorsers were significantly more persuaded by the evidence than non-endorsers, but both groups were significantly more persuaded by high-quality than low-quality evidence. The interaction between endorsement and evidence quality was not significant. These results suggest that the formation and maintenance of implausible beliefs by endorsers may result from less critical evidence evaluations rather than a failure to analyse. This is consistent with a limited rather than a lazy approach and suggests that interventions to develop analytical skill may be useful for minimising the effects of implausible claims.

Abstract 240: Serum Cholesterol and Angiotensin-Induced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in Hypercholesterolemic Mice

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra A Prins ◽  
Michael Hill ◽  
David Airey ◽  
Sam Nwosu ◽  
Prudhvidhar R Perati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aortic Aneurysms ◽  
Cholesterol Concentration ◽  
Linear Mixed Effect Model ◽  
Hemodynamic Parameters ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Regression Methods ◽  
Effect Model ◽  
Abdominal Aortic ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

Background Although hyperlipidemia is known to augment the incidence of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) in the AngII-induced model of apolipoprotein E -/- mice, its relationship to AAA size is unknown. Therefore, we evaluated the relationship between total cholesterol concentration (TC) and change (delta) in aortic diameter. Methods TC was measured in 36 male mice that underwent a 4-week infusion period with saline (n=9) or AngII (1500 ng/kg/min; n=27), along with serial measurements of pulse rate (PR), and pulse (PP), mean arterial (MAP), systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) pressure. A linear mixed effect model was used to assess the relationship between all hemodynamic parameters and delta. Nonparametric and linear regression methods were used to evaluate TC in relation to delta. Results TC did not differ between AngII and control mice (Figure, bottom left) (p=0.18). The burden of atherosclerosis was greater among AngII-exposed mice versus control, but did not differ by presence or size of AAA (Figure, bottom right). None of the hemodynamic parameters were predictive of delta (SBP, p = 0.66; DBP, p = 0.66; MAP, p = 0.55; PP, p = 0.66; and PR, p = 0.39). Mean TC was higher among mice with large versus small AAA (552.6 vs. 393.5 mg/ ml, p<0.05; Figure, top right). The nonparametric smoothing line (Figure, top left) suggests a first order relationship between delta and TC (p for trend < 0.001). AngII (ß = 0.48, p < 0.001) and TC (ß = 0.0015, p = 0.003) were independent predictors in the linear model for delta. Conclusions Our findings suggest that TC is incrementally associated with AAA size. These findings may have potential clinical relevance for risk assessment in AAA patients. Figure

To see or not to see: The roles of item properties and language knowledge in Chinese missing logographeme effect

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 1113-1139
Author(s):  
Xiuli Tong ◽  
Qinli Deng ◽  
Hélène Deacon ◽  
Jean Saint-Aubin ◽  
Suiping Wang
Keyword(s):  
Visual Complexity ◽  
Semantic Relatedness ◽  
Linear Mixed Effect Model ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Effect Model ◽  
Bottom Position ◽  
Language Knowledge ◽  
Item Properties ◽  
The Right ◽  
Omission Rate

AbstractThis study examined how language knowledge and item properties (i.e., semantic relatedness and position) influenced Chinese missing logographeme effects. Eighty-four Chinese readers and 53 English readers were asked to search for the Chinese logographeme 口 while reading a Chinese prose passage. The target 口 appeared in five different positions (i.e., left, right, top, bottom, or inside), varying its degree of semantic relatedness to its embedded characters. The generalized linear mixed-effect model revealed a significant interaction between semantic relatedness and position in Chinese, but not in English, readers when visual complexity and frequency were controlled. For Chinese readers, a higher omission rate occurred when 口 appeared in the top and inside positions and exhibited low semantic relatedness with its embedded characters, whereas 口 was omitted more when it was positioned on the right and exhibited high semantic relatedness to its embedded characters. English readers exhibited a different omission pattern: 口 was omitted more when it appeared in the left or right position irrespective of semantic relatedness. In addition, 口 was omitted more in the inside, rather than the bottom, position. These findings suggest that the omission rate of the logographeme is determined by item properties at the sublexical level and the reader’s language knowledge.

scholarly journals Differential Thermotolerance Adaptation between Species of Coccidioides

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 366
Author(s):  
Heather L. Mead ◽  
Paris S. Hamm ◽  
Isaac N. Shaffer ◽  
Marcus de Melo Teixeira ◽  
Christopher S. Wendel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Linear Mixed Effect Model ◽  
Phenotypic Difference ◽  
Dimorphic Fungi ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Solid Media ◽  
Effect Model ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Similar Growth

Coccidioidomycosis, or Valley fever, is caused by two species of dimorphic fungi. Based on molecular phylogenetic evidence, the genus Coccidioides contains two reciprocally monophyletic species: C. immitis and C. posadasii. However, phenotypic variation between species has not been deeply investigated. We therefore explored differences in growth rate under various conditions. A collection of 39 C. posadasii and 46 C. immitis isolates, representing the full geographical range of the two species, was screened for mycelial growth rate at 37 °C and 28 °C on solid media. The radial growth rate was measured for 16 days on yeast extract agar. A linear mixed effect model was used to compare the growth rate of C. posadasii and C. immitis at 37 °C and 28 °C, respectively. C. posadasii grew significantly faster at 37 °C, when compared to C. immitis; whereas both species had similar growth rates at 28 °C. These results indicate thermotolerance differs between these two species. As the ecological niche has not been well-described for Coccidioides spp., and disease variability between species has not been shown, the evolutionary pressure underlying the adaptation is unclear. However, this research reveals the first significant phenotypic difference between the two species that directly applies to ecological research.

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