Unraveling the Importance of Triatomine (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) Feeding Sources in the Chagas Disease Context

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Antonio-Campos ◽  
Ricardo Alejandre-Aguilar ◽  
Nancy Rivas
Keyword(s):  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Vector Species ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Triatomine Species ◽  
Feeding Sources

Abstract The triatomines are vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas, 1909), the etiologic agent of Chagas disease. All species are strictly hematophagous, and the hosts used by vector species are important to understand the transmission dynamics of T. cruzi, and eventually, for the development of effective control strategies in endemic countries. In the current review, we gather a comprehensively number of literature reporting triatomine feeding sources, using rigorous targeted search of scientific publications, which includes research papers and reviews to put together the most recent findings of the feeding behavior in triatomines and their applications for vector control of Chagas disease. Our main findings suggest that the main feeding source in triatomines is the human blood (22.75%), T. dimidiata (Latreille, 1811) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) is the most frequent (13.68%) triatomine species in this type of study, and most of the studies on feeding sources (47.5%) are conducted in the domestic and peri-domestic environment.

scholarly journals High-Throughput Identification of the Rhodnius prolixus Midgut Proteome Unravels a Sophisticated Hematophagic Machinery

Proteomes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radouane Ouali ◽  
Karen Caroline Valentim de Brito ◽  
Didier Salmon ◽  
Sabrina Bousbata
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Rhodnius Prolixus ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Developmental Cycle ◽  
Starting Point

Chagas disease is one of the most common parasitic infections in Latin America, which is transmitted by hematophagous triatomine bugs, of which Rhodnius prolixus is the vector prototype for the study of this disease. The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of this disease, is transmitted by the vector to humans through the bite wound or mucosa. The passage of the parasite through the digestive tract of its vector constitutes a key step in its developmental cycle. Herewith, by a using high-throughput proteomic tool in order to characterize the midgut proteome of R. prolixus, we describe a set of functional groups of proteins, as well as the biological processes in which they are involved. This is the first proteomic analysis showing an elaborated hematophagy machinery involved in the digestion of blood, among which, several families of proteases have been characterized. The evaluation of the activity of cathepsin D proteases in the anterior part of the digestive tract of the insect suggested the existence of a proteolytic activity within this compartment, suggesting that digestion occurs early in this compartment. Moreover, several heat shock proteins, blood clotting inhibitors, and a powerful antioxidant enzyme machinery against reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell detoxification have been identified. Highlighting the complexity and importance of the digestive physiology of insects could be a starting point for the selection of new targets for innovative control strategies of Chagas disease.

scholarly journals Diversity and interactions among triatomine bugs, their blood feeding sources, gut microbiota and Trypanosoma cruzi in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in Colombia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claribel Murillo-Solano ◽  
Jaime López-Domínguez ◽  
Rafael Gongora ◽  
Andres Rojas-Gulloso ◽  
Jose Usme-Ciro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Disease Ecology ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Vector Species ◽  
Transmission Cycle ◽  
Feeding Sources

AbstractChagas disease remains a major neglected disease in Colombia. We aimed to characterize Trypanosoma cruzi transmission networks in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (SNSM) region, to shed light on disease ecology and help optimize control strategies. Triatomines were collected in rural communities and analyzed for blood feeding sources, parasite diversity and gut microbiota composition through a metagenomic and deep sequencing approach. Triatoma dimidiata predominated, followed by Rhodnius prolixus, Triatoma maculata, Rhodnius pallescens, Panstrongylus geniculatus and Eratyrus cuspidatus. Twenty-two species were identified as blood sources, resulting in an integrated transmission network with extensive connectivity among sylvatic and domestic host species. Only TcI parasites were detected, predominantly from TcIb but TcIa was also reported. The close relatedness of T. cruzi strains further supported the lack of separate transmission cycles according to habitats or triatomine species. Triatomine microbiota varied according to species, developmental stage and T. cruzi infection. Bacterial families correlated with the presence/absence of T. cruzi were identified. In conclusion, we identified a domestic transmission cycle encompassing multiple vector species and tightly connected with sylvatic hosts in the SNSM region, rather than an isolated domestic transmission cycle. Therefore, integrated interventions targeting all vector species and their contact with humans should be considered.

scholarly journals Hosts and vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi discrete typing units in the Chagas disease endemic region of the Paraguayan Chaco

Parasitology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 144 (7) ◽  
pp. 884-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
NIDIA ACOSTA ◽  
ELSA LÓPEZ ◽  
MICHAEL D. LEWIS ◽  
MARTIN S. LLEWELLYN ◽  
ANA GÓMEZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Triatoma Infestans ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Endemic Region ◽  
Triatomine Bugs ◽  
Chaco Region ◽  
Euphractus Sexcinctus

SUMMARYActive Trypanosoma cruzi transmission persists in the Gran Chaco region, which is considered hyperendemic for Chagas disease. Understanding domestic and sylvatic transmission cycles and therefore the relationship between vectors and mammalian hosts is crucial to designing and implementing improved effective control strategies. Here we describe the species of triatomine vectors and the sylvatic mammal reservoirs of T. cruzi, in different localities of the Paraguayan and Bolivian Chaco. We identify the T. cruzi genotypes discrete typing units (DTUs) and provide a map of their geographical distribution. A total of 1044 triatomines and 138 sylvatic mammals were captured. Five per cent of the triatomines were microscopically positive for T. cruzi (55 Triatoma infestans from Paraguay and one sylvatic Triatoma guasayana from Bolivia) and 17 animals (12·3%) comprising eight of 28 (28·5%) Dasypus novemcinctus, four of 27 (14·8%) Euphractus sexcinctus, three of 64 (4·7%) Chaetophractus spp. and two of 14 (14·3%) Didelphis albiventris. The most common DTU infecting domestic triatomine bugs was TcV (64%), followed by TcVI (28%), TcII (6·5%) and TcIII (1·5%). TcIII was overwhelmingly associated with armadillo species. We confirm the primary role of T. infestans in domestic transmission, armadillo species as the principal sylvatic hosts of TcIII, and consider the potential risk of TcIII as an agent of Chagas disease in the Chaco.

Detection of high percentage of Trypanosoma cruzi infection, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, in wild populations of Colombian Caribbean triatomines

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melisa Eyes Escalante ◽  
Doris Gomez ◽  
Luz Alba Silvera ◽  
Gittith Sánchez ◽  
Juan Venegas
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
Triatomine Species ◽  
New Finding ◽  
Geographical Expansion ◽  
And Control ◽  
Rhodnius Pallescens ◽  
Panstrongylus Geniculatus ◽  
Cruzi Infection

AbstractIn Colombia it is estimated that about 900,000 persons are infected with T. cruzi. There are 25 triatomine species and 5 of them have been reported infected with T. cruzi in the Colombian Caribbean region. In order to obtain more information about the triatomine populations in this region, 89 wild triatomines were collected from four Colombian Departments. The most frequent specie collected was Rhodnius pallescens (65%), followed by Rhodnius prolixus (20%), Panstrongylus geniculatus (10.1%) and Triatoma dimidiata (1%), found in Bolivar, Córdoba, Atlántico/Sucre, and Bolívar Departments, respectively. The majority of triatomines (95.5%) were captured in the arboreal ecotope and 76.4% were found infected with T. cruzi. Interestingly, some of these triatomine species were captured in Departments in which they had not previously been reported and also new finding of triatomine species infected with T. cruzi. These results are relevant, because they can be consequence of a continued geographical expansion of this parasite, not only in the Colombian Caribbean region, but even in all Latin America. The information presented here will contribute in the surveillance and control strategies of the vectors infected with T. cruzi that circulate in four department of Colombian Caribbean region in order to interrupt the transmission to human dwelling.

Understanding transmissibility patterns of Chagas disease through complex vector–host networks

Parasitology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 144 (6) ◽  
pp. 760-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
LAURA RENGIFO-CORREA ◽  
CHRISTOPHER R. STEPHENS ◽  
JUAN J. MORRONE ◽  
JUAN LUIS TÉLLEZ-RENDÓN ◽  
CONSTANTINO GONZÁLEZ-SALAZAR
Keyword(s):  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Complex Vector ◽  
Wild Mammal ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Triatomine Species ◽  
Inference Network ◽  
Vector Borne

SUMMARYChagas disease is one of the most important vector-borne zoonotic diseases in Latin America. Control strategies could be improved if transmissibility patterns of its aetiologic agent, Trypanosoma cruzi, were better understood. To understand transmissibility patterns of Chagas disease in Mexico, we inferred potential vectors and hosts of T. cruzi from geographic distributions of nine species of Triatominae and 396 wild mammal species, respectively. The most probable vectors and hosts of T. cruzi were represented in a Complex Inference Network, from which we formulated a predictive model and several associated hypotheses about the ecological epidemiology of Chagas disease. We compiled a list of confirmed mammal hosts to test our hypotheses. Our tests allowed us to predict the most important potential hosts of T. cruzi and to validate the model showing that the confirmed hosts were those predicted to be the most important hosts. We were also able to predict differences in the transmissibility of T. cruzi among triatomine species from spatial data. We hope our findings help drive efforts for future experimental studies.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Three Commercial Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays for Diagnosis of Chagas’ Disease

1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 2423-2427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter M. R. Oelemann ◽  
Maria Da Glória M. Teixeira ◽  
Giovani C. Veríssimo Da Costa ◽  
José Borges-Pereira ◽  
José Adail F. De Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Immunofluorescence Assay ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Blood Banks

Chagas’ disease is a common cause of morbidity in Latin American countries. In Brazil, naturally occurring transmission of its etiologic agent, Trypanosoma cruzi, has been almost completely abolished through effective control programs aimed at the triatomid insect vector. Thus, transfusion of blood from infected donors has become the major route for contracting Chagas’ disease due to the socioeconomically motivated migration of residents from areas where the disease is endemic to the larger urban centers. Therefore, the employment of screening tests is mandatory for all blood banks throughout the country. We compared the diagnostic performances of three commercially available screening assays used in routine testing in Brazilian blood banks: the Abbott Chagas antibody enzyme immunoassay (Abbott Laboratórios do Brasil, São Paulo), the BIOELISACRUZI kit (Biolab-Mérieux, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), and the BIOZIMA Chagas kit (Polychaco S.A.I.C., Buenos Aires, Argentina). The evaluation was performed with sera obtained from chagasic patients and healthy residents of four different areas in Brazil where Chagas’ disease is either endemic or emergent and where clinical manifestations of the disease and circulating parasite strains vary. The results obtained with each kit were compared to matched in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence assay data obtained for each sample. Depending on the area under investigation, the three commercial kits produced specificity values between 93.3 and 100.0%, sensitivity values between 97.7 and 100%, and accuracies ranging from 93.6 to 100.0%.

Trophic Behavior and Species Diversity of the Anopheles barbirostris Complex (Diptera: Culicidae) in Thailand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chanya Udom ◽  
Kanutcharee Thanispong ◽  
Sylvie Manguin ◽  
Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap ◽  
Wirasak Fungfuang
Keyword(s):  
Host Preference ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Vector Species ◽  
Host Preferences ◽  
Anopheles Barbirostris ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

Abstract Species of the Anopheles barbirostris complex (Myzorhynchus Series of the subgenus Anopheles) are potential vectors of malaria and filariasis parasites. Owing to the lack of reliable identification methods, the biting activity and host preference of the species within this complex have not been previous described. In this study, the trophic behavior and host preferences of the species in the complex were determined in Thailand, and a map of their geographical distributions constructed. Adult female mosquitoes in Chanthaburi and Prachuap Khiri Khan provinces were collected using human landings (indoor and outdoor) and cow-bait. Morphological characters were used to initially identify the mosquitoes, and then, species were further separated by multiplex PCR. Four species were identified in the An. barbirostris complex: An. wejchoochotei Taai & Harbach (Diptera: Culicidae), An. saeungae Taai & Harbach (Diptera: Culicidae), An. dissidens Taai & Harbach (Diptera: Culicidae), and An. campestris Reid (Diptera: Culicidae). The species showed exophagic and zoophilic behavior, except An. wejchoochotei in Chanthaburi, which displayed slight endophilic behavior. Indoor and outdoor blood feeding behavior of An. wejchoochotei and An. saeungae peaked at 2000 h. An updated distribution map of the An. barbirostris complex in Thailand is presented. With a better understanding of the sibling vector species and their spatial distributions, more specific and effective control strategies for vectors of malaria and filariasis in Thailand can be achieved.

The Role of nitro (NO2-), chloro (Cl), and fluoro (F) Substitution in the Design of Antileishmanial and Antichagasic Compounds

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boniface Pone ◽  
Ferreira Igne Elizabeth
Keyword(s):  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Studies ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Antitrypanosomal Activity ◽  
Chemical Groups

: Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are responsible for over 500,000 deaths annually and are characterized by multiple disabilities. Leishmaniasis and Chagas disease are among the most severe NTDs, and are caused by the Leishmania sp, and Trypanosoma cruzi, respectively. Glucantime, pentamidine and miltefosine are commonly used to treat leishmaniasis, whereas nifurtimox, benznidazole are current treatments for Chagas disease. However, these treatments are associated with drug resistance, and severe side effects. Hence, the development of synthetic products, especially those containing N02, F, or Cl, which chemical groups are known to improve the biological activity. The present work summarizes the information on the antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activity of nitro-, chloro-, and fluoro-synthetic derivatives. Scientific publications referring to halogenated derivatives in relation to antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activities were hand searched in databases such as SciFinder, Wiley, Science Direct, PubMed, ACS, Springer, Scielo, and so on. According to the literature information, more than 90 compounds were predicted as lead molecules with reference to their IC50/EC50 values in in vitro studies. It is worth to mention that only active compounds with known cytotoxic effects against mammalian cells were considered in the present study. The observed activity was attributed to the presence of nitro-, fluoro- and chloro-groups in the compound backbone. All in all, nitro and h0alogenated derivatives are active antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal compounds and can serve as baseline for the development of new drugs against leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. However, efforts on in vitro and in vivo toxicity studies of the active synthetic compounds is still needed. Pharmacokinetic studies, and the mechanism of action of the promising compounds need to be explored. The use of new catalysts and chemical transformation can afford unexplored halogenated compounds with improved antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activity.

Major Kinds of Drug Targets in Chagas Disease or American Trypanosomiasis

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 1203-1216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vilma G. Duschak
Keyword(s):  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Cysteine Proteinase ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
World Health ◽  
American Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Group I

American Trypanosomiasis, a parasitic infection commonly named Chagas disease, affects millions of people all over Latin American countries. Presently, the World Health Organization (WHO) predicts that the number of international infected individuals extends to 7 to 8 million, assuming that more than 10,000 deaths occur annually. The transmission of the etiologic agent, Trypanosoma cruzi, through people migrating to non-endemic world nations makes it an emergent disease. The best promising targets for trypanocidal drugs may be classified into three main groups: Group I includes the main molecular targets that are considered among specific enzymes involved in the essential processes for parasite survival, principally Cruzipain, the major antigenic parasite cysteine proteinase. Group II involves biological pathways and their key specific enzymes, such as Sterol biosynthesis pathway, among others, specific antioxidant defense mechanisms, and bioenergetics ones. Group III includes the atypical organelles /structures present in the parasite relevant clinical forms, which are absent or considerably different from those present in mammals and biological processes related to them. These can be considered potential targets to develop drugs with extra effectiveness and fewer secondary effects than the currently used therapeutics. An improved distinction between the host and the parasite targets will help fight against this neglected disease.

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