scholarly journals Perspective: The Public Health Case for Modernizing the Definition of Protein Quality

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 755-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L Katz ◽  
Kimberly N Doughty ◽  
Kate Geagan ◽  
David A Jenkins ◽  
Christopher D Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Protein Quality ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
The Public ◽  
Plant Protein Sources ◽  
Dietary Guidelines For Americans ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Specific Food

ABSTRACT Prevailing definitions of protein quality are predicated on considerations of biochemistry and metabolism rather than the net effects on human health or the environment of specific food sources of protein. In the vernacular, higher “quality” equates to desirability. This implication is compounded by sequential, societal trends in which first dietary fat and then dietary carbohydrate were vilified during recent decades, leaving dietary protein under an implied halo. The popular concept that protein is “good” and that the more the better, coupled with a protein quality definition that favors meat, fosters the impression that eating more meat, as well as eggs and dairy, is desirable and preferable. This message, however, is directly opposed to current Dietary Guidelines for Americans, which encourage consumption of more plant foods and less meat, and at odds with the literature on the environmental impacts of foods, from carbon emissions to water utilization, which decisively favor plant protein sources. Thus, the message conveyed by the current definitions of protein quality is at odds with imperatives of public and planetary health alike. We review the relevant literature in this context and make the case that the definition of protein quality is both misleading and antiquated. We propose a modernized definition that incorporates the quality of health and environmental outcomes associated with specific food sources of protein. We demonstrate how such an approach can be adapted into a metric and applied to the food supply.

scholarly journals Toward an Evidence-Based Definition and Classification of Carbohydrate Food Quality: An Expert Panel Report

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2667
Author(s):  
Kevin B. Comerford ◽  
Yanni Papanikolaou ◽  
Julie Miller Jones ◽  
Judith Rodriguez ◽  
Joanne Slavin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Quality ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Expert Panel ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Carbohydrate Quality ◽  
Dietary Guidelines For Americans

Carbohydrate-containing crops provide the bulk of dietary energy worldwide. In addition to their various carbohydrate forms (sugars, starches, fibers) and ratios, these foods may also contain varying amounts and combinations of proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, prebiotics, and anti-nutritional factors that may impact diet quality and health. Currently, there is no standardized or unified way to assess the quality of carbohydrate foods for the overall purpose of improving diet quality and health outcomes, creating an urgent need for the development of metrics and tools to better define and classify high-quality carbohydrate foods. The present report is based on a series of expert panel meetings and a scoping review of the literature focused on carbohydrate quality indicators and metrics produced over the last 10 years. The report outlines various approaches to assessing food quality, and proposes next steps and principles for developing improved metrics for assessing carbohydrate food quality. The expert panel concluded that a composite metric based on nutrient profiling methods featuring inputs such as carbohydrate–fiber–sugar ratios, micronutrients, and/or food group classification could provide useful and informative measures for guiding researchers, policymakers, industry, and consumers towards a better understanding of carbohydrate food quality and overall healthier diets. The identification of higher quality carbohydrate foods could improve evidence-based public health policies and programming—such as the 2025–2030 Dietary Guidelines for Americans.

scholarly journals Protein Quality of Rice Drinks Fortified with Bovine and Porcine Blood Plasma

2015 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 7487-7496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piedad Margarita Montero Castillo ◽  
Yesid Alejandro Marrugo Ligardo ◽  
Lesbia Cristina Julio González
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Porcine Blood ◽  
Bovine Plasma

The future of nutrition in Colombia, and perhaps in other developing countries, will depend in large part on the ability of food technology to take full advantage of the food sources available in the country and to adapt and develop new products that will vary and complement the diets of the majority of the population at a low cost. The objective of this study was to evaluate the protein quality of rice-based drinks fortified with bovine and porcine blood plasma. Six treatments were prepared with different levels of fortification (14.5%, 18.5% and 29%). The effects of the plasma type and the addition levels on the protein content, the amino acid profile, and the in vitro digestibility of the drinks were observed. The AOAC method was employed for the determination of the protein content; the amino acid profile was created using HPLC. The protein digestibility was determined by subjecting a dispersion of the drink to the action of a multi-enzymatic solution. The protein content increased with the level of fortification. The drinks fortified with bovine plasma (104%) and porcine plasma (89%) presented a better protein quality index than the unfortified drink. The digestibility of the fortified drinks did not demonstrate significant improvements in comparison with the unfortified drink. The chemical score of the drinks fortified with porcine plasma (71.6) and bovine plasma (78.5) showed that the latter had the best nutritional quality.

Learning and Legitimacy

1966 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 548-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Merelman
Keyword(s):  
Positive Affect ◽  
Cognitive Dissonance ◽  
Political Legitimacy ◽  
Secondary Reinforcement ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
The Public ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Dissonance Theory ◽  
Relationship Of

This paper examines the theory of political legitimacy through the framework of psychological learning theory and the theory of cognitive dissonance. The concepts of primary and secondary reinforcement in cases of learning permit a general understanding of the growth of positive affect toward a political system. Cognitive dissonance theory allows us to understand how this general positive affect built up by a regime's actions produces the sub-set of attitudes called political legitimacy. In order to build a theory of political legitimacy on these foundations, it is necessary to conceive of government policy-making as a case of producing successful learning throughout a population.The diffuse, largely irrational nature of political legitimacy has made it difficult for political scientists to handle the concept systematically. That systems are or are not “legitimate” has been asserted numerous times, though often the precise definition of legitimacy employed has been at best vague and the indices of legitimacy unclearly stated. This paper attempts to meet the problem by setting forth a theory and a set of implicit indices of political legitimacy. After the general model has been explicated, I will specify several problems in the manipulation of political legitimacy. Finally, I will look at the relationship of governmental structure to these problems.Before consideration of the model two preliminary tasks must be performed: a definition of legitimacy and justification for discussing it. We may define political legitimacy as the quality of “oughtness” that is perceived by the public to inhere in a political regime.

scholarly journals Exclusion of Dietary Cholesterol from The Specific Food Restrictions: A Review in Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Mirza Rizqi Zulkarnain
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Cholesterol ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Trans Fats ◽  
Added Sugars ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Saturated Fats ◽  
Dietary Guidelines For Americans ◽  
Specific Restriction ◽  
Specific Food

Hypercholesterolemia, the presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood, is one of the major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). One of the key recommendation in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010, is to consume less than 300 mg of dietary cholesterol per day. The same amount is also adopted in Indonesia (BPOM, 2016) until today. However, in the latest Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015-2020, dietary cholesterol is no longer included in the list of specific foods that should be limited. The added sugars, sodium, saturated fats and trans fats remain on the list of food components that should be reduced. Generally, foods that are higher in dietary cholesterol are also higher in saturated fats. But there are also some foods that are higher in cholesterol but not in saturated fats. According to the latest recommendation, this kind of foods can be consumed without any specific restriction. In this review, some of clinical studies related to the association between dietary cholesterol and blood cholesterol levels are selected. The findings from those studies will be summarized to consider whether the same recommendation should be implemented in other countries, especially in Indonesia.

scholarly journals Dietary Cholesterol Intake and Sources among U.S Adults: Results from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), 2001–2014

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhe Xu ◽  
Scott T. McClure ◽  
Lawrence J. Appel
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Cholesterol ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
Dietary Recall ◽  
Recall Data ◽  
Cholesterol Intake ◽  
Dietary Guidelines For Americans ◽  
Nationally Representative

The 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends that individuals should eat as little dietary cholesterol as possible. However, current dietary cholesterol intake and its food sources have not been well-characterized. We examined dietary cholesterol intake by age, sex, race, and food sources using 24-hour dietary recall data from a nationally representative sample of 5047 adults aged 20 years or older who participated in NHANES (2013–2014 survey cycle). We also reported trends in cholesterol intake across the past 7 NHANES surveys. Mean dietary cholesterol intake was 293 mg/day (348 mg/day for males and 242 mg/day for females) in the 2013–2014 survey cycle; 39% of adults had dietary cholesterol intake above 300 mg/day (46% for males and 28% for females). Meat, eggs, grain products, and milk were the highest four food sources of cholesterol, contributing to 96% of the total consumption. Both average cholesterol intake and food source varied by age, sex, and race (each p < 0.05). Mean cholesterol intake of the overall population had been relatively constant at ~290 mg/day from 2001–2002 to 2013–2014 (p-trend = 0.98). These results should inform public health efforts in implementing dietary guidelines and tailoring dietary recommendations.

scholarly journals Progressing the construct of enjoyment: conceptualizing enjoyment as a proactive process

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Masato Kawabata ◽  
Clifford J. Mallett
Keyword(s):  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Future Research ◽  
True Nature ◽  
The Public ◽  
Conceptual Clarity ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Positive Feelings ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Hedonic Quality

AbstractEnjoyment is an important psychological construct in many life domains. Despite the importance of the construct, conceptual clarity in what enjoyment is remains elusive. The elusive understanding of enjoyment is probably caused by conceptual ambiguity of the construct and a confusion in the public usage between hedonic and eudaimonic qualities of positive feelings. The hedonic quality of positive feelings (e.g., fun) reflects the simple attainment of desires; whereas the eudaimonic quality of positive feelings (e.g., joy) reflects fulfilling or realizing one’s true nature through full functioning of one’s ability. To better understand this important construct of enjoyment, we conducted a focused review of relevant literature. In the first section, relevant literature was reviewed to identify conceptual ambiguities contributing to why enjoyment has remained an elusive construct in research. In the second section, an operational conceptualization of enjoyment was proposed from integrative perspectives to overcome the identified issues. We proposed operationally conceptualizing enjoyment as a proactive behavioral and psychological process towards the eudaimonic or hedonic qualities of positive feelings. In this process, the individual appraises the situation in a positive way and commits oneself to savoring the situation and engaging in the task to have positive feelings of joy and fun. We explained why the operational conceptualization is important and useful from theoretical, empirical, and practical perspectives. In doing so, we also proposed possible future research directions with the operational conceptualization of enjoyment.

scholarly journals Dietary quality among children from 6 months to 4 years, NHANES 2011–2016

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather C Hamner ◽  
Latetia V Moore
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
Added Sugars ◽  
Sweetened Beverages ◽  
The Us ◽  
Age Appropriate ◽  
Dietary Guidelines For Americans ◽  
Modified Diet

ABSTRACT Background The US Dietary Guidelines for Americans provide dietary recommendations for individuals aged ≥2 y and metrics exist to assess alignment. Nonfederal feeding recommendations exist for children <2 y, but limited metrics and assessment of dietary quality are available. Objective We aimed to assess dietary quality of children aged 6 mo–4 y using a modified Diet Quality Index Score (DQIS). Methods NHANES 2011–2016 dietary data were used to estimate the dietary quality of children 6 mo–4 y old using a modified DQIS. Differences in mean modified DQIS by demographics were assessed using linear regression. Results Mean modified DQIS ± SE was 22.4 ± 0.23 out of 45 possible points (50%) for children 6 mo–4 y of age on a given day. Modified DQIS scores on a given day decreased with age (27.7 ± 0.27 for 6- to 11-mo-olds, 23.9 ± 0.31 for 1-y-olds, 21.4 ± 0.26 for 2- to 3-y-olds, and 20.6 ± 0.49 for 4-y-olds; P < 0.0001 for trend). Children 6–11 mo old had 16% higher overall modified DQIS scores than 1-y-olds (P < 0.0001) and higher modified DQIS subcomponent scores for refined grains and protein, indicating higher age-appropriate intakes (P < 0.05). Similarly, children 6–11 mo old also had higher modified DQIS subcomponent scores, indicating no or limited intake, for 100% fruit juice, sugar-sweetened beverages, other added sugars, and salty snacks (P < 0.02). Conclusions Dietary quality declines with age and may begin as early as 1 y. The modified DQIS tool could help assess the dietary quality of young children. This may be important when identifying programmatic and policy efforts aimed at establishing and maintaining healthy dietary patterns beginning at an early age.

An Investigation of the Critical Factors for Evaluating the Public Value of e-Government

2015 ◽  
pp. 1130-1150
Author(s):  
Kanishka Karunasena ◽  
Hepu Deng ◽  
Kushanthi Sajeewani Harasgama
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Critical Factors ◽  
Public Value ◽  
The Public ◽  
User Orientation

This chapter aims to investigate the critical factors for evaluating the public value of e-government in Sri Lanka. A comprehensive review of the relevant literature on the scope of e-government, the sources of public value creation, and the kinds of public value is conducted for developing the theoretical framework of the study. Using the qualitative data collected from Sri Lanka, a thematic analysis is performed for identifying the critical factors for evaluating the public value of e-government. The analysis reveals that the quality of public information online, functionalities of electronic services, provision of information and services through e-enabled counters, user orientation of public service delivery, improving organisational efficiency, openness and responsiveness, enhancing trust, ensuring confidentiality of citizens' information, achieving social equity, and environmental sustainability are critical for evaluating the public value of e-government.

PROCAMPO: FIELD EDUCATION POLICY

2019 ◽  
pp. 189-206
Author(s):  
Marilene Santos ◽  
Andréa Rosana Fetzner
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Teacher Training ◽  
Education Policy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Field Education ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
The Public ◽  
Education Degree ◽  
Definition Of

PROCAMPO: FIELD EDUCATION POLICY             Abstract: The article integrates researches that focus on the analysis of the Field Education policy as an alternative to improve the quality of education and contribute to the development of rural areas, it also discusses the Field Education as public policy and its implementation through specific programs. The empirical material analyzed is the Programme of Support to Field Higher Education Degree ‘Procampo/Pronacampo’. The analysis focuses in reflecting on the history and definition of concepts in the discussion of Field Education by social movements forefront State bodies represented by the Ministry of Education. In addition, it also discusses Procampo as a significant action of implementation and expansion of Field Education as part of teacher training. The conclusions highlight advances in this implementation; it considers Procampo as an innovation in teacher training, however, to ensure the public policy challenges ahead and a long way by conflicts and clashes of intermingled divergent interests.Key words: Field Education - Public Policy - Procampo

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