scholarly journals Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1-induced FasL Expression in Human Monocytic Cells and Its Implications for Cell Death, Viral Replication, and Immune Evasion

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Iannello ◽  
Olfa Debbeche ◽  
Raoudha El Arabi ◽  
Suzanne Samarani ◽  
David Hamel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus Type ◽  
Fasl Expression ◽  
Monocytic Cells ◽  
Simplex Virus

scholarly journals Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Evades the Effects of Antibody and Complement In Vivo

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (18) ◽  
pp. 9232-9241 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Lubinski ◽  
Ming Jiang ◽  
Lauren Hook ◽  
Yueh Chang ◽  
Chad Sarver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus Type ◽  
Complement Components ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

ABSTRACT Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) encodes a complement-interacting glycoprotein, gC, and an immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc binding glycoprotein, gE, that mediate immune evasion by affecting multiple aspects of innate and acquired immunity, including interfering with complement components C1q, C3, C5, and properdin and blocking antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Previous studies evaluated the individual contributions of gC and gE to immune evasion. Experiments in a murine model that examines the combined effects of gC and gE immune evasion on pathogenesis are now reported. Virulence of wild-type HSV-1 is compared with mutant viruses defective in gC-mediated C3 binding, gE-mediated IgG Fc binding, or both immune evasion activities. Eliminating both activities greatly increased susceptibility of HSV-1 to antibody and complement neutralization in vitro and markedly reduced virulence in vivo as measured by disease scores, virus titers, and mortality. Studies with C3 knockout mice indicated that other activities attributed to these glycoproteins, such as gC-mediated virus attachment to heparan sulfate or gE-mediated cell-to-cell spread, do not account for the reduced virulence of mutant viruses. The results support the importance of gC and gE immune evasion in vivo and suggest potential new targets for prevention and treatment of HSV disease.

scholarly journals Blocking Antibody Access to Neutralizing Domains on Glycoproteins Involved in Entry as a Novel Mechanism of Immune Evasion by Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Glycoproteins C and E

2008 ◽  
Vol 82 (14) ◽  
pp. 6935-6941 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren M. Hook ◽  
Jialing Huang ◽  
Ming Jiang ◽  
Richard Hodinka ◽  
Harvey M. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus Type ◽  
Mutant Virus ◽  
Antibody Neutralization ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

ABSTRACT Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein C (gC) blocks complement activation, and glycoprotein E (gE) interferes with IgG Fc-mediated activities. While evaluating gC- and gE-mediated immune evasion in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-HSV-1-coinfected subjects, we noted that antibody alone was more effective at neutralizing a strain with mutations in gC and gE (gC/gE) than a wild-type (WT) virus. This result was unexpected since gC and gE are postulated to interfere with complement-mediated neutralization. We used pooled human immunoglobulin G (IgG) from HIV-negative donors to confirm the results and evaluated mechanisms of the enhanced antibody neutralization. We demonstrated that differences in antibody neutralization cannot be attributed to the concentrations of HSV-1 glycoproteins on the two viruses or to the absence of an IgG Fc receptor on the gC/gE mutant virus or to enhanced neutralization of the mutant virus by antibodies that target only gB, gD, or gH/gL, which are the glycoproteins involved in virus entry. Since sera from HIV-infected subjects and pooled human IgG contain antibodies against multiple glycoproteins, we determined whether differences in neutralization become apparent when antibodies to gB, gD, or gH/gL are used in combination. Neutralization of the gC/gE mutant was greatly increased compared that of WT virus when any two of the antibodies against gB, gD, or gH/gL were used in combination. These results suggest that gC and gE on WT virus provide a shield against neutralizing antibodies that interfere with gB-gD, gB-gH/gL, or gD-gH/gL interactions and that one function of virus neutralization is to prevent interactions between these glycoproteins.

scholarly journals Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Glycoprotein gC Mediates Immune Evasion In Vivo

1998 ◽  
Vol 72 (10) ◽  
pp. 8257-8263 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Lubinski ◽  
Liyang Wang ◽  
Athena M. Soulika ◽  
Reinhard Burger ◽  
Rick A. Wetsel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus Type ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Simplex Virus

ABSTRACT Many microorganisms encode proteins that interact with molecules involved in host immunity; however, few of these molecules have been proven to promote immune evasion in vivo. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein C (gC) binds complement component C3 and inhibits complement-mediated virus neutralization and lysis of infected cells in vitro. To investigate the importance of the interaction between gC and C3 in vivo, we studied the virulence of a gC-null strain in complement-intact and C3-deficient animals. Using a vaginal infection model in complement-intact guinea pigs, we showed that gC-null virus grows to lower titers and produces less severe vaginitis than wild-type or gC rescued virus, indicating a role for gC in virulence. To determine the importance of complement, studies were performed with C3-deficient guinea pigs; the results demonstrated significant increases in vaginal titers of gC-null virus, while wild-type and gC rescued viruses showed nonsignificant changes in titers. Similar findings were observed for mice where gC null virus produced significantly less disease than gC rescued virus at the skin inoculation site. Proof that C3 is important was provided by studies of C3 knockout mice, where disease scores of gC-null virus were significantly higher than in complement-intact mice. The results indicate that gC-null virus is approximately 100-fold (2 log10) less virulent that wild-type virus in animals and that gC-C3 interactions are involved in pathogenesis.

scholarly journals Immune evasion properties of herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein gC.

1996 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 4253-4260 ◽  
Author(s):  
H M Friedman ◽  
L Wang ◽  
N O Fishman ◽  
J D Lambris ◽  
R J Eisenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus Type ◽  
Simplex Virus

scholarly journals ICP0 Gene Expression Is a Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Apoptotic Trigger

2006 ◽  
Vol 80 (14) ◽  
pp. 6810-6821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine M. Sanfilippo ◽  
John A. Blaho
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus Type ◽  
Apoptosis Induction ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Simplex Virus

ABSTRACT Apoptosis is a highly regulated programmed cell death process which is activated during normal development and by various stimuli, such as viral infection, which disturb cellular metabolism and physiology. That herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) induces apoptosis but then prevents its killing of infected cells is well-established. However, little is known about the viral factor/event which triggers the apoptotic process. We previously reported that infections with either (i) a temperature-sensitive virus at its nonpermissive temperature which does not inject viral DNA into nuclei or (ii) various UV-inactivated wild-type viruses do not result in the induction of apoptosis (C. M. Sanfilippo, F. N. W. Chirimuuta, and J. A. Blaho, J. Virol. 78:224-239, 2004). This indicates that virus receptor binding/attachment to cells, membrane fusion, virion disassembly/tegument dispersal, virion RNAs, and capsid translocation to nuclei are not responsible for induction and implicates viral immediate-early (IE) gene expression in the process. Here, we systematically evaluated the contribution of each IE gene to the stimulation of apoptosis. Using a series of viruses individually deleted for α27, α4, and α22, we determined that these genes are not required for apoptosis induction but rather that their products play roles in its prevention, likely through regulatory effects. Sole expression of α0 acted as an “apoptoxin” that was necessary and sufficient to trigger the cell death cascade. Importantly, results using a recombinant virus which contains a stop codon in α0 showed that it was not the ICP0 protein which acted as the apoptotic inducer. Based on these findings, we propose that α0 gene expression acts as an initial inducer of apoptosis during HSV-1 infection. This represents the first description of apoptosis induction in infected cells triggered as a result of expression of a single viral gene. Expression of apoptotic viral genes is a unique mechanism through which human pathogens may modulate interactions with their host cells.

scholarly journals Immunization Strategies To Block the Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Immunoglobulin G Fc Receptor

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
pp. 2562-2571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoqing Lin ◽  
John M. Lubinski ◽  
Harvey M. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus Type ◽  
Fc Receptor ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

ABSTRACT Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein gE functions as an immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc receptor (FcγR) that promotes immune evasion. When an IgG antibody binds by the F(ab′)2 domain to an HSV antigen, the Fc domain of some of the same antibody molecules binds to the FcγR, which blocks Fc-mediated functions. gE is a type 1 membrane glycoprotein with a large ectodomain that is expressed on the virion envelope and infected-cell surface. Our goal was to determine if immunizing with gE protein fragments could produce antibodies that bind by the F(ab′)2 domain to gE and block the FcγR, as measured by competitively inhibiting nonimmune human IgG binding to the FcγR. Three gE peptides were constructed in baculovirus spanning almost the entire ectodomain and used to immunize mice and rabbits. Two fragments were highly effective at producing antibodies that bind by the F(ab′)2 domain and block the FcγR. The most potent of these two antibodies was far more effective at blocking the FcγR than antibodies that are only capable of binding by the Fc domains to the FcγR, including anti-gC, anti-gD, and nonimmune IgG. These results suggest that immunizing with gE fragments has potential for preventing immune evasion by blocking activities mediated by the HSV-1 FcγR.

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