Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus-Specific Neutralizing Antibodies Induced by Anti-Idiotypic Antibodies

1992 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.V. ONISK ◽  
R. DONIS ◽  
C.L. KELLING ◽  
S. SRIKUMARAN
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

scholarly journals DNA prime–protein boost strategies protect cattle from bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 challenge

2008 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 453-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Liang ◽  
J. V. van den Hurk ◽  
A. Landi ◽  
Z. Lawman ◽  
D. Deregt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Cpg Oligodeoxynucleotide ◽  
Protein Boost ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

At present, infections with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 2 occur nearly as frequently as those with BVDV type 1, so development of vaccines that protect cattle from both type 1 and type 2 BVDV has become critical. In this study, we compared various DNA prime–protein boost vaccination strategies to protect cattle from challenge with BVDV-2 using the major protective antigen of BVDV, glycoprotein E2. Calves were immunized with a plasmid encoding either type 1 E2 (E2.1) or type 2 E2 (E2.2) or with both plasmids (E2.1+E2.2). This was followed by a heterologous boost with E2.1, E2.2 or E2.1 and E2.2 protein formulated with Emulsigen and a CpG oligodeoxynucleotide. Subsequently, the calves were challenged with BVDV-2 strain 1373. All vaccinated calves developed both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, including virus-neutralizing antibodies and IFN-γ-secreting cells in the peripheral blood. Depletion studies showed that CD4+ T cells were responsible for IFN-γ production. Furthermore, the calves vaccinated with either the E2.2 or the E2.1+E2.2 vaccines were very well protected from challenge with BVDV-2, having little leukopenia and showing no weight loss or temperature response. In addition, the animals vaccinated with the E2.1 vaccine were partially protected, so there was a certain level of cross-protection. These data demonstrate that a vaccination strategy consisting of priming with E2.2 or E2.1+E2.2 DNA and boosting with E2.2 or E2.1+E2.2 protein fully protects cattle from BVDV-2 challenge.

scholarly journals Fusion to C3d Enhances the Immunogenicity of the E2 Glycoprotein of Type 2 Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 1616-1622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingshu Wang ◽  
J. Oriol Sunyer ◽  
Leonard J. Bello
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Primary Immune Response ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Protein Subunit ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

ABSTRACT The use of DNA and protein subunit vaccines in animals provides an opportunity to introduce vaccines that are arguably the safest that can be developed. For that reason, considerable effort is under way to devise methods of enhancing the immunogenicity of such vaccines. Seven years ago it was shown that fusing complement fragment C3d to hen egg lysozyme (HEL) enhanced the immunogenicity of HEL 10,000-fold. Based on this observation, we decided to evaluate the effect of C3d on the immunogenicity of the E2 protein of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). E2 is the major target of neutralizing antibody during BVDV infection. To test the effect of C3d on E2 immunogenicity, expression cassettes encoding a secreted form of E2 alone (E2s) or E2 fused to three copies of murine C3d (E2s-C3d) were constructed. The proteins were purified from the supernatants of transfected cells and used to immunize mice. The immune response was monitored by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for E2s-specific antibody and by a virus neutralization test. The ELISA results indicated that the E2s-C3d protein is 10,000-fold more immunogenic than the E2s protein alone. The maximum primary immune response was elicited with <0.1 μg of E2s-C3d protein without an adjuvant. In addition, we have shown for the first time that high levels of anti-E2s and neutralizing antibodies can be elicited when this same low concentration of E2s-C3d is used to both prime and boost the immune response. We conclude that the E2s-C3d fusion protein has significant potential as a subunit vaccine against BVDV infection.

scholarly journals Detection of Bovine viral diarrhea virus–specific neutralizing antibodies in fresh colostrum

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-266
Author(s):  
Tomislav Bedeković ◽  
Željko Mihaljević ◽  
Andreja Jungić ◽  
Nina Lemo ◽  
Ivana Lojkić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

scholarly journals Cell-to-Cell Transmission Is the Main Mechanism Supporting Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Spread in Cell Culture

2018 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Merwaiss ◽  
Cecilia Czibener ◽  
Diego E. Alvarez
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Cell Contacts ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Cell Transmission ◽  
Direct Cell ◽  
Mode Of Transmission ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

ABSTRACTAfter initiation of an infective cycle, spread of virus infection can occur in two fundamentally different ways: (i) viral particles can be released into the external environment and diffuse through the extracellular space until they interact with a new host cell, and (ii) virions can remain associated with infected cells, promoting the direct passage between infected and uninfected cells that is referred to as direct cell-to-cell transmission. Although evidence of cell-associated transmission has accumulated for many different viruses, the ability of members of the genus Pestivirus to use this mode of transmission has not been reported. In the present study, we used a novel recombinant virus expressing the envelope glycoprotein E2 fused to mCherry fluorescent protein to monitor the spreading of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) (the type member of the pestiviruses) infection. To demonstrate direct cell-to-cell transmission of BVDV, we developed a cell coculture system that allowed us to prove direct transmission from infected to uninfected cells in the presence of neutralizing antibodies. This mode of transmission requires cell-cell contacts and clathrin-mediated receptor-dependent endocytosis. Notably, it overcomes antibody blocking of the BVDV receptor CD46, indicating that cell-to-cell transmission of the virus involves the engagement of coreceptors on the target cell.IMPORTANCEBVDV causes one of the most economically important viral infections for the cattle industry. The virus is able to cross the placenta and infect the fetus, leading to the birth of persistently infected animals, which are reservoirs for the spread of BVDV. The occurrence of persistent infection has hampered the efficacy of vaccination because it requires eliciting levels of protection close to sterilizing immunity to prevent fetal infections. While vaccination prevents disease, BVDV can be detected if animals with neutralizing antibodies are challenged with the virus. Virus cell-to-cell transmission allows the virus to overcome barriers to free virus dissemination, such as antibodies or epithelial barriers. Here we show that BVDV exploits cell-cell contacts to propagate infection in a process that is resistant to antibody neutralization. Our results provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of BVDV infection and can aid in the design of effective control strategies.

scholarly journals Interface between Maternal Antibodies and Natural Challenge for Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) in Holstein Heifers

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Costa Baccili ◽  
Natália Meirelles Sobreira ◽  
Bruno Toledo Silva ◽  
Edviges Maristela Pituco ◽  
Viviane Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Maternal Antibodies ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Serum Neutralization ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Newborn Calves ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

Background: Newborn calves are agammaglobulinemic, immunosuppressed and immunologically immature at birth. The passive immune transfer is fundamental to protect calves against pathogens. The decay of maternal antibodies precedes the immune maturation at puberty enhancing the susceptibility of calves to infections caused by BVDV. Then, the objective of this research was to evaluate the interface between passive and active immunity for Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) in Holstein dairy heifers in the first 13 months of age to detect susceptibility periods and establish prophylactic measures on prevention of Bovine Viral Diarrhea.Materials, Methods & Results: Sera were analyzed from 585 heifers by serum neutralization (SN) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the p80 protein of BVDV. Heifers were categorized according to their age by the month of life. Heifers were seropositive (100%) from 1st to 13th. Median of neutralizing antibodies (Ab) titers obtained from 1st up to 13th month were 316.2; 125.9; 63.1; 50.1; 50.1; 39.8; 63.1; 63.1; 39.8; 79.4, 100.0; 74.4; and 79.4, respectively. The neutralizing Ab titers obtained in 1st month were different of the values observed from 2nd until 13th (P < 0.001), furthermore the Ab titers from 2nd month was statistical different of 4th (P = 0.01) and 6th (P = 0.05). The frequencies (%) of positive heifers for p80 from 1st up to 13th were 24.7; 18.2; 10.4; 11.8; 73.3; 73.8; 72.4; 58.1; 45.9; 48.4; 46.2; 43.8 and 61.5, respectively. The correlation observed for neutralizing Ab titers and age was negative and weak (ρ= -0.299; P < 0.001). On the other hand, the correlation between positive heifers for p80 and age was positive and moderate (ρ= 0.319; P < 0.001).Discussion: The newborn calves had higher titers of neutralizing antibodies than other age groups and some calves were seropositive for the p80 protein. This profile points to the transfer of maternal antibodies produced by vaccination and/or natural exposure to BVDV. The exposure of the cows to the inactivated and live virus stimulates the production of neutralizing antibodies to the structural proteins of the virus, particularly the glycoprotein E2, detected by the serum neutralization test. The titers of serum neutralizing antibodies and the frequencies of seropositive for p80 protein decreased gradually from the first to the 4-6th month of life due to the metabolization of maternal immunoglobulins acquired by ingestion of colostrum. Frequencies of seropositive animals for protein p80 increased from the fifth month of life, which is the same moment that was observed declined of neutralizing maternal antibody titers. The phase of higher frequency of p80 positive animals coincides with greater rates of Babesiosis and Anaplasmosis. This history could justify the importance of the BVDV immunodepression as a risk factor for concomitant diseases. In general, the neutralizing antibody titers increased after the peaks of positive reactions to the p80 protein, but this moment coincides with the primo-vaccination in calves. Therefore, it is not possible to state the origin of these antibodies. Correlations between ages and serologic tests are consistent with previous data reporting the decrease in antibody titers and increase of seropositive animals for p80 protein, from the first month of life to puberty. In conclusion, maternal neutralizing Ab titers had gradual decreased whereas the frequency of positive heifers for p80 had increased values. The inversion observed between the maternal antibody titers and the increase in antibody for p80 indicates the moment of greatest risk for natural infections caused by BVDV.

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