scholarly journals Generation of a Lineage II Powassan Virus (Deer Tick Virus) cDNA Clone: Assessment of Flaviviral Genetic Determinants of Tick and Mosquito Vector Competence

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 371-381
Author(s):  
Joan L. Kenney ◽  
Michael Anishchenko ◽  
Meghan Hermance ◽  
Hannah Romo ◽  
Ching-I Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cdna Clone ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Genetic Determinants ◽  
Powassan Virus ◽  
Virus Cdna

scholarly journals Sequential Infection of Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes with Chikungunya Virus and Zika Virus Enhances Early Zika Virus Transmission

Insects ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tereza Magalhaes ◽  
Alexis Robison ◽  
Michael Young ◽  
William Black ◽  
Brian Foy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Molecular Aspects ◽  
Virus Interactions ◽  
Sequential Infection

In urban settings, chikungunya, Zika, and dengue viruses are transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Since these viruses co-circulate in several regions, coinfection in humans and vectors may occur, and human coinfections have been frequently reported. Yet, little is known about the molecular aspects of virus interactions within hosts and how they contribute to arbovirus transmission dynamics. We have previously shown that Aedes aegypti exposed to chikungunya and Zika viruses in the same blood meal can become coinfected and transmit both viruses simultaneously. However, mosquitoes may also become coinfected by multiple, sequential feeds on single infected hosts. Therefore, we tested whether sequential infection with chikungunya and Zika viruses impacts mosquito vector competence. We exposed Ae. aegypti mosquitoes first to one virus and 7 days later to the other virus and compared infection, dissemination, and transmission rates between sequentially and single infected groups. We found that coinfection rates were high after sequential exposure and that mosquitoes were able to co-transmit both viruses. Surprisingly, chikungunya virus coinfection enhanced Zika virus transmission 7 days after the second blood meal. Our data demonstrate heterologous arbovirus synergism within mosquitoes, by unknown mechanisms, leading to enhancement of transmission under certain conditions.

scholarly journals Vector Competence: What Has Zika Virus Taught Us?

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sasha R. Azar ◽  
Scott C. Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Meta Analyses

The unprecedented outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in the Americas from 2015 to 2017 prompted the publication of a large body of vector competence data in a relatively short period of time. Although differences in vector competence as a result of disparities in mosquito populations and viral strains are to be expected, the limited competence of many populations of the urban mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti, from the Americas (when its susceptibility is viewed relative to other circulating/reemerging mosquito-borne viruses such as dengue (DENV), yellow fever (YFV), and chikungunya viruses (CHIKV)) has proven a paradox for the field. This has been further complicated by the lack of standardization in the methodologies utilized in laboratory vector competence experiments, precluding meta-analyses of this large data set. As the calls for the standardization of such studies continue to grow in number, it is critical to examine the elements of vector competence experimental design. Herein, we review the various techniques and considerations intrinsic to vector competence studies, with respect to contemporary findings for ZIKV, as well as historical findings for other arboviruses, and discuss potential avenues of standardization going forward.

scholarly journals Terminal RNA Replication Elements in Human Parechovirus 1

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (24) ◽  
pp. 13116-13122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdolrahman S. Nateri ◽  
Pamela J. Hughes ◽  
Glyn Stanway
Keyword(s):  
Reporter Gene ◽  
Cdna Clone ◽  
Infectious Virus ◽  
Rna Replication ◽  
Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Human Parechovirus ◽  
Virus Growth ◽  
Virus Cdna

ABSTRACT To define structural elements critical for RNA replication in human parechovirus 1 (HPeV1), a replicon with chloramphenicol acetyltransferase as a reporter gene and an infectious virus cDNA clone have been used. It was observed that there are cis-acting signals required for HPeV1 replication located within the 5′-terminal 112 nucleotides of the genome and that these include two terminal stem-loops, SL-A and SL-B, together with a pseudoknot element. Significant disruption of any of these structures impaired both RNA replication and virus growth. In view of the similarity in terminal structures to several picornaviruses, such as cardioviruses and hepatoviruses, the insights generated in this work are of wider significance for understanding picornavirus replication.

scholarly journals Rapid selection against arbovirus-induced apoptosis during infection of a mosquito vector

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (10) ◽  
pp. E1152-E1161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katelyn O’Neill ◽  
Bradley J. S. C. Olson ◽  
Ning Huang ◽  
Dave Unis ◽  
Rollie J. Clem
Keyword(s):  
Sindbis Virus ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Infected Mosquito ◽  
Nucleotide Sequencing ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Antiviral Defense ◽  
Mosquito Cells ◽  
Arbovirus Infection ◽  
Induced Apoptosis

Millions of people are infected each year by arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses) such as chikungunya, dengue, and West Nile viruses, yet for reasons that are largely unknown, only a relatively small number of mosquito species are able to transmit arboviruses. Understanding the complex factors that determine vector competence could facilitate strategies for controlling arbovirus infections. Apoptosis is a potential antiviral defense response that has been shown to be important in other virus–host systems. However, apoptosis is rarely seen in arbovirus-infected mosquito cells, raising questions about its importance as an antiviral defense in mosquitoes. We tested the effect of stimulating apoptosis during arbovirus infection by infectingAedes aegyptimosquitoes with a Sindbis virus (SINV) clone called MRE/Rpr, in which the MRE-16 strain of SINV was engineered to express the proapoptotic genereaperfromDrosophila. MRE/Rpr exhibited an impaired infection phenotype that included delayed midgut infection, delayed virus replication, and reduced virus accumulation in saliva. Nucleotide sequencing of thereaperinsert in virus populations isolated from individual mosquitoes revealed evidence of rapid and strong selection against maintenance of Reaper expression in MRE/Rpr-infected mosquitoes. The impaired phenotype of MRE/Rpr, coupled with the observed negative selection against Reaper expression, indicates that apoptosis is a powerful defense against arbovirus infection in mosquitoes and suggests that arboviruses have evolved mechanisms to avoid stimulating apoptosis in mosquitoes that serve as vectors.

scholarly journals Glucose transporter Glut1 influences Plasmodium berghei infection in Anopheles stephensi

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengfei Wang ◽  
Jingwen Wang
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Serine Proteases ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Glucose Transporter ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Temporal Expression ◽  
Expression Of Genes

Abstract Background Sugar feeding provides energy for mosquito. Facilitated glucose transporters (GLUT) are responsible for cellular uptake of glucose. However, the knowledge of GLUT function in Anopheles mosquito is limited. Methods Phylogenetic analysis of GLUTs in Anopheles stephensi (AsteGlut) was performed by the maximum likelihood and Bayesian method. The spatial and temporal expression patterns of three Astegluts were analyzed by qPCR. The function of AsteGlut1 was examined using a dsRNA-mediated RNA interference method. Transcriptome analysis was used to understand the influence of AsteGlut1 on mosquito vector competence. Results We identified 3 glut genes, Asteglut1 , Asteglutx and Asteglut3 in An. stephensi . Asteglut1 and Asteglut3 were mainly localized in the midgut. The expression of all three Astegluts were strongly induced after blood meal. All three genes were knocked down successfully, but only abrogation of Asteglut1 significantly increased the susceptibility of An. stephensi to Plasmodium berghei infection. Our transcriptome analysis revealed that knockdown of Asteglut1 differentially regulated expression of genes associated with the functional clusters including detoxification, serine proteases, and immunity. The dysregulation of multiple pathways might contribute to the increased P. berghei infection. Conclusions Our study shows that Asteglut1 plays a role in defense against P. berghei in An. stephensi . The regulation of Asteglut1 on vector competence might through modulating multiple biological processes, including detoxification and immunity.

scholarly journals The 20-hydroxyecdysone agonist, halofenozide, promotes anti-Plasmodium immunity in Anopheles gambiae via the ecdysone receptor

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebekah A. Reynolds ◽  
Hyeogsun Kwon ◽  
Thiago Luiz Alves e Silva ◽  
Janet Olivas ◽  
Joel Vega-Rodriguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Malaria Parasite ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Ecdysone Receptor ◽  
Principal Role ◽  
Cellular Immune

AbstractMosquito physiology and immunity are integral determinants of malaria vector competence. This includes the principal role of hormonal signaling in Anopheles gambiae initiated shortly after blood-feeding, which stimulates immune induction and promotes vitellogenesis through the function of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). Previous studies demonstrated that manipulating 20E signaling through the direct injection of 20E or the application of a 20E agonist can significantly impact Plasmodium infection outcomes, reducing oocyst numbers and the potential for malaria transmission. In support of these findings, we demonstrate that a 20E agonist, halofenozide, is able to induce anti-Plasmodium immune responses that limit Plasmodium ookinetes. We demonstrate that halofenozide requires the function of ultraspiracle (USP), a component of the canonical heterodimeric ecdysone receptor, to induce malaria parasite killing responses. Additional experiments suggest that the effects of halofenozide treatment are temporal, such that its application only limits malaria parasites when applied prior to infection. Unlike 20E, halofenozide does not influence cellular immune function or AMP production. Together, our results further demonstrate the potential of targeting 20E signaling pathways to reduce malaria parasite infection in the mosquito vector and provide new insight into the mechanisms of halofenozide-mediated immune activation that differ from 20E.

scholarly journals A stable full-length yellow fever virus cDNA clone and the role of conserved RNA elements in flavivirus replication

2003 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. 1261-1268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Bredenbeek ◽  
Engbert A. Kooi ◽  
Brett Lindenbach ◽  
Nicolette Huijkman ◽  
Charles M. Rice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Cdna Clone ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Rna Elements ◽  
Virus Cdna
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