scholarly journals DNA Vaccination of American Robins (Turdus migratorius) Against West Nile Virus

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Marm Kilpatrick ◽  
Alan P. Dupuis ◽  
Gwong-Jen J. Chang ◽  
Laura D. Kramer
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Dna Vaccination ◽  
Turdus Migratorius ◽  
West Nile ◽  
American Robins

scholarly journals Pre-existing Microfilarial Infections of American Robins (Passeriformes: Turdidae) and Common Grackles (Passeriformes: Icteridae) Have Limited Impact on Enhancing Dissemination of West Nile Virus in Culex pipiens Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jefferson A Vaughan ◽  
Juanita Hinson ◽  
Elizabeth S Andrews ◽  
Michael J Turell
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Limited Impact ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
American Robins ◽  
Specific Virus

Abstract Microfilariae (MF) are the immature stages of filarial nematode parasites and inhabit the blood and dermis of all classes of vertebrates, except fish. Concurrent ingestion of MF and arboviruses by mosquitoes can enhance mosquito transmission of virus compared to when virus is ingested alone. Shortly after being ingested, MF penetrate the mosquito’s midgut and may introduce virus into the mosquito’s hemocoel, creating a disseminated viral infection much sooner than normal. This phenomenon is known as microfilarial enhancement. Both American Robins and Common Grackles harbor MF—that is, Eufilaria sp. and Chandlerella quiscali von Linstow (Spirurida: Onchocercidae), respectively. We compared infection and dissemination rates in Culex pipiens L. mosquitoes that fed on birds with and without MF infections that had been infected with West Nile virus (WNV). At moderate viremias, about 107 plaque-forming units (pfu)/ml of blood, there were no differences in infection or dissemination rates among mosquitoes that ingested viremic blood from a bird with or without microfilaremia. At high viremias, >108.5 pfu/ml, mosquitoes feeding on a microfilaremic Grackle with concurrent viremia had significantly higher infection and dissemination rates than mosquitoes fed on viremic Grackles without microfilaremia. Microfilarial enhancement depends on the specific virus, MF, and mosquito species examined. How virus is introduced into the hemocoel by MF differs between the avian/WNV systems described here (i.e., leakage) and various arboviruses with MF of the human filarid, Brugia malayi (Brug) (Spirurida: Onchocercidae) (i.e., cotransport). Additional studies are needed to determine if other avian species and their MF are involved in the microfilarial enhancement of WNV in nature.

DNA VACCINATION OF THE AMERICAN CROW (CORVUS BRACHYRHYNCHOS) PROVIDES PARTIAL PROTECTION AGAINST LETHAL CHALLENGE WITH WEST NILE VIRUS

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. e6-e6
Author(s):  
Michel L. Bunning ◽  
Patricia E. Fox ◽  
Richard A. Bowen ◽  
Nicholas Komar ◽  
Gwong-Jen J. Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Dna Vaccination ◽  
West Nile ◽  
American Crow ◽  
Lethal Challenge ◽  
Partial Protection ◽  
Corvus Brachyrhynchos

scholarly journals Bird Species Involved in West Nile Virus Epidemiological Cycle in Southern Québec

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 4517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludivine Taieb ◽  
Antoinette Ludwig ◽  
Nick H. Ogden ◽  
Robbin L. Lindsay ◽  
Mahmood Iranpour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
West Nile ◽  
House Sparrows ◽  
Priority List ◽  
Blood Meal Analysis ◽  
American Robins ◽  
Host Competence ◽  
The Us

Despite many studies on West Nile Virus (WNV) in the US, including the reservoir role of bird species and the summer shifts of the Culex mosquito, feeding from birds to mammals, there have been few equivalent studies in the neighboring regions of Canada where WNV is endemic. Here, a priority list of bird species likely involved in WNV transmission in the greater Montréal area is constructed by combining three sources of data: (i) from WNV surveillance in wild birds (2002–2015); (ii) blood meal analysis of Culex pipiens–restuans (CPR), the primary enzootic vectors of WNV in the region, collected from surveillance in 2008 and 2014; (iii) literature review on the sero-prevalence/host competence of resident birds. Each of these data sources yielded 18, 23 and 53 species, and overall, 67 different bird species were identified as potential WNV amplifiers/reservoirs. Of those identified from CPR blood meals, Common starlings, American robins, Song sparrows and House sparrows ranked the highest and blood meal analysis demonstrated a seasonal shift in feed preference from birds to mammals by CPR. Our study indicates that there are broad similarities in the ecology of WNV between our region and the northeastern US, although the relative importance of bird species varies somewhat between regions.

scholarly journals West Nile Virus Infection in American Robins: New Insights on Dose Response

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. e68537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaci K. VanDalen ◽  
Jeffrey S. Hall ◽  
Larry Clark ◽  
Robert G. McLean ◽  
Cynthia Smeraski
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
West Nile ◽  
American Robins

Implications of Spatial Patterns of Roosting and Movements of American Robins for West Nile Virus Transmission

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 877-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Benson ◽  
Michael P. Ward ◽  
Richard L. Lampman ◽  
Arlo Raim ◽  
Patrick J. Weatherhead
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
West Nile ◽  
West Nile Virus Transmission ◽  
American Robins

DNA Vaccination of the American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) Provides Partial Protection Against Lethal Challenge with West Nile Virus

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 573-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel L. Bunning ◽  
Patricia E. Fox ◽  
Richard A. Bowen ◽  
Nicholas Komar ◽  
Gwong-Jen J. Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Dna Vaccination ◽  
West Nile ◽  
American Crow ◽  
Lethal Challenge ◽  
Partial Protection ◽  
Corvus Brachyrhynchos

West Nile Virus

ASHA Leader ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
Susan Brady ◽  
Rhonda Miserendino ◽  
Noel Rao
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
West Nile

West Nile Virus Season Off to Slow Start

2005 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
PATRICE WENDLING
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Slow Start

Sudden Paralysis Is Red Flag for West Nile Virus

2005 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
MICHELE G. SULLIVAN
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Red Flag
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