Detection ofTrypanosoma bruceiin Field-Captured Tsetse Flies and Identification of Host Species Fed on by the Infected Flies

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoru Konnai ◽  
Hirohisa Mekata ◽  
Raadan Odbileg ◽  
Martin Simuunza ◽  
Mwelwa Chembensof ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Tsetse Flies

scholarly journals Blood meal analysis of tsetse flies (Glossina pallidipes: Glossinidae) reveals higher host fidelity on wild compared with domestic hosts

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 213
Author(s):  
Manun Channumsin ◽  
Marc Ciosi ◽  
Dan Masiga ◽  
Harriet Auty ◽  
C. Michael Turner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Multiple Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Glossina Pallidipes ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Host Feeding ◽  
African Trypanosomiasis ◽  
African Trypanosomes ◽  
Host Fidelity ◽  
Mitochondrial Cytochrome B ◽  
Wild Host

Background: Changes in climate and land use can alter risk of transmission of parasites between domestic hosts and wildlife, particularly when mediated by vectors that can travel between populations. Here we focused on tsetse flies (genus Glossina), the cyclical vectors for both Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) and Animal African Trypanosomiasis (AAT). The aims of this study were to investigate three issues related to G. palldipes from Kenya: 1) the diversity of vertebrate hosts that flies fed on; 2) whether host feeding patterns varied in relation to type of hosts, tsetse feeding behaviour, site or tsetse age and sex; and 3) if there was a relationship between trypanosome detection and host feeding behaviours or host types. Methods: Sources of blood meals of Glossina pallidipes were identified by sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and analyzed in relationship with previously determined trypanosome detection in the same flies. Results: In an area dominated by wildlife but with seasonal presence of livestock (Nguruman), 98% of tsetse fed on single wild host species, whereas in an area including a mixture of resident domesticated animals, humans and wildlife (Shimba Hills), 52% of flies fed on more than one host species. Multiple Correspondence Analysis revealed strong correlations between feeding pattern, host type and site but these were resolved along a different dimension than trypanosome status, sex and age of the flies. Conclusions: Our results suggest that individual G. pallidipes in interface areas may show higher feeding success on wild hosts when available but often feed on both wild and domesticated hosts. This illustrates the importance of G. pallidipes as a vector connecting the sylvatic and domestic cycles of African trypanosomes.

scholarly journals Insight into the Transmission Biology and Species-Specific Functional Capabilities of Tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae) Obligate Symbiont Wigglesworthia

mBio ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita V. M. Rio ◽  
Rebecca E. Symula ◽  
Jingwen Wang ◽  
Claudia Lohs ◽  
Yi-neng Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Regulation ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Sister Species ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Content Type ◽  
African Trypanosomes ◽  
Species Specific

ABSTRACT Ancient endosymbionts have been associated with extreme genome structural stability with little differentiation in gene inventory between sister species. Tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) harbor an obligate endosymbiont, Wigglesworthia, which has coevolved with the Glossina radiation. We report on the ~720-kb Wigglesworthia genome and its associated plasmid from Glossina morsitans morsitans and compare them to those of the symbiont from Glossina brevipalpis. While there was overall high synteny between the two genomes, a large inversion was noted. Furthermore, symbiont transcriptional analyses demonstrated host tissue and development-specific gene expression supporting robust transcriptional regulation in Wigglesworthia, an unprecedented observation in other obligate mutualist endosymbionts. Expression and immunohistochemistry confirmed the role of flagella during the vertical transmission process from mother to intrauterine progeny. The expression of nutrient provisioning genes (thiC and hemH) suggests that Wigglesworthia may function in dietary supplementation tailored toward host development. Furthermore, despite extensive conservation, unique genes were identified within both symbiont genomes that may result in distinct metabolomes impacting host physiology. One of these differences involves the chorismate, phenylalanine, and folate biosynthetic pathways, which are uniquely present in Wigglesworthia morsitans. Interestingly, African trypanosomes are auxotrophs for phenylalanine and folate and salvage both exogenously. It is possible that W. morsitans contributes to the higher parasite susceptibility of its host species. IMPORTANCE Genomic stasis has historically been associated with obligate endosymbionts and their sister species. Here we characterize the Wigglesworthia genome of the tsetse fly species Glossina morsitans and compare it to its sister genome within G. brevipalpis. The similarity and variation between the genomes enabled specific hypotheses regarding functional biology. Expression analyses indicate significant levels of transcriptional regulation and support development- and tissue-specific functional roles for the symbiosis previously not observed in obligate mutualist symbionts. Retention of the genetically expensive flagella within these small genomes was demonstrated to be significant in symbiont transmission and tailored to the unique tsetse fly reproductive biology. Distinctions in metabolomes were also observed. We speculate an additional role for Wigglesworthia symbiosis where infections with pathogenic trypanosomes may depend upon symbiont species-specific metabolic products and thus influence the vector competence traits of different tsetse fly host species.

scholarly journals Learning influences host choice in tsetse

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jérémy Bouyer ◽  
Mathieu Pruvot ◽  
Zacharia Bengaly ◽  
Patrick M Guerin ◽  
Renaud Lancelot
Keyword(s):  
Blood Meal ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Host Choice ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Learning Capacity ◽  
Disease Vector ◽  
Cyclic Vectors

A learning capacity for feeding is described in many insect species including vectors of diseases, but has never been reported in tsetse flies (Diptera, Glossinidae), the cyclic vectors of human (sleeping sickness) and animal trypanosomoses in Africa. Repeated feeding on the same host species by a disease vector is likely to increase the within-species disease-transmission risk, but to decrease it between species. An experiment with cattle and reptiles in a stable provides evidence that the species of host selected for the second blood meal in tsetse flies depends on the host encountered for the first blood meal when the between-meal interval is 2 days. This preference disappears when the between-meal interval is extended to 3 days. The energetic advantages of this acquired preference and its importance in trypanosomoses epidemiology are discussed.

scholarly journals Influence of Host Phylogeographic Patterns and Incomplete Lineage Sorting on Within-Species Genetic Variability in Wigglesworthia Species, Obligate Symbionts of Tsetse Flies

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (23) ◽  
pp. 8400-8408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca E. Symula ◽  
Ian Marpuri ◽  
Robert D. Bjornson ◽  
Loyce Okedi ◽  
Jon Beadell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Incomplete Lineage Sorting ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Lineage Sorting ◽  
Glossina Fuscipes Fuscipes ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Single Host

ABSTRACTVertical transmission of obligate symbionts generates a predictable evolutionary history of symbionts that reflects that of their hosts. In insects, evolutionary associations between symbionts and their hosts have been investigated primarily among species, leaving population-level processes largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae) bacterial symbiont,Wigglesworthia glossinidia, to determine whether observed codiversification of symbiont and tsetse host species extends to a single host species (Glossina fuscipes fuscipes) in Uganda. To explore symbiont genetic variation inG. f. fuscipespopulations, we screened two variable loci (lonandlepA) from theWigglesworthia glossinidiabacterium in the host speciesGlossina fuscipes fuscipes(W. g. fuscipes) and examined phylogeographic and demographic characteristics in multiple host populations. Symbiont genetic variation was apparent within and among populations. We identified two distinct symbiont lineages, in northern and southern Uganda. Incongruence length difference (ILD) tests indicated that the two lineages corresponded exactly to northern and southernG. f. fuscipesmitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups (P= 1.0). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) confirmed that most variation was partitioned between the northern and southern lineages defined by host mtDNA (85.44%). However, ILD tests rejected finer-scale congruence within the northern and southern populations (P= 0.009). This incongruence was potentially due to incomplete lineage sorting that resulted in novel combinations of symbiont genetic variants and host background. Identifying these novel combinations may have public health significance, since tsetse is the sole vector of sleeping sickness andWigglesworthiais known to influence host vector competence. Thus, understanding the adaptive value of these host-symbiont combinations may afford opportunities to develop vector control methods.

The stability of resistance to diminazene aceturate and quinapyramine sulphate in a strain ofTrypanosoma vivaxduring cyclical transmission through antelope

Parasitology ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Gray ◽  
C. J. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Resistant Strain ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Diminazene Aceturate ◽  
Total Period ◽  
Stability Of Resistance ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Cyclical Transmission

A drug-resistant strain ofT. vivaxwas transmitted through a series of four duikers (S. grimmia) and a gazelle (G. rufifrons) byG. palpalisandG. tachinoides. The cyclical transmission of the strain in cattle, started in earlier work, was continued for control purposes. Infections with the drug-resistant strain in the antelope were of the same type as those produced by field strains ofT. vivaxin the same host species, and infection rates in tsetse flies fed at early stages of infection on the antelope were similar to those found in flies fed on cattle infected with the drug-resistant strain. The strain retained resistance to diminazene aceturate at a dose rate of 7-0 mg/kg and quinapyramine sulphate at 5'0 mg/kg in the absence of the drugs for 7 months in tsetse flies and antelope, and for a total period of 29 months in tsetse flies and cattle.We wish to thank Dr A. A. Amodu, Director of the Nigerian Institute for Trypanosomiasis Research, for permission to publish this paper.

scholarly journals Blood meal analysis of tsetse flies (Glossina pallidipes: Glossinidae) reveals a reduction in host fidelity when feeding on domestic compared to wild hosts

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manun Channumsin ◽  
Marc Ciosi ◽  
Dan Masiga ◽  
Harriet Auty ◽  
C. Michael Turner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Glossina Pallidipes ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Host Feeding ◽  
African Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Host Fidelity ◽  
Mitochondrial Cytochrome B ◽  
Single Host ◽  
Wild Hosts

AbstractBackgroundBoth male and female tsetse flies, haematophagous insects, transmit trypanosomes between hosts and are the cyclical vectors for Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) and Animal African Trypanosomiasis (AAT). Trypanosomes responsible for AAT can be transmitted by tsetse between wild animals and livestock. However, the degree of connectivity between the sylvatic and domestic cycles is unknown. The objectives of this study were to investigate patterns of host feeding in relationship to trypanosome prevalence among Kenyan populations of G. pallidipes at the livestock-wildlife interface.Methodology/Principal FindingsSources of blood meals of Glossina pallidipes were identified by polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and compared with previous characterization of trypanosome prevalence from the same flies. In the Nguruman region in southern Kenya, the majority (98%) of the 148 flies for which dominant hosts could be resolved fed on single host species and only a single fly had fed on a domestic host; intriguingly this was the only fly confirmed to have fed on cattle. In contrast, in the Shimba Hills region (South Coast), multiple host feeding was more common: 42% inside a fenced wildlife protected area, where 35% of dominant hosts were domestic animals or humans, compared with 62% from traps set along the border to an adjacent village, which was dominated by domestic hosts (77%). Across sites, 44% of flies tested positive for trypanosomes (28/50 domestic hosts; 78/193 wild hosts). Multiple Correspondence Analysis revealed strong correlations between feeding pattern, host type and site but these were resolved along a different dimension than trypanosome status.Conclusions/SignificanceOur results suggest that host fidelity when feeding on wild hosts in G. pallidipes could reduce risk of transmission of trypanosomes to domestic hosts in interface areas and emphasise the importance of considering vector behaviour when designing management interventions.Author SummaryTsetse flies are the main vectors transmitting trypanosomes, which cause disease in both humans and animals. Since tsetse flies feed on a wide range of vertebrate hosts, there is the potential for transmission between wild and domestic animals in regions where their ranges overlap. In this study, we used molecular methods to determine the hosts fed on by tsetse flies sampled from three sites in Kenya at the wildlife-livestock interface. In areas where wildlife dominated, tsetse tended to feed on single host species, whereas in areas with more domesticated animals, they tended to feed on multiple hosts. These results suggest either that tsetse flies get interrupted more while feeding on domestic hosts or that they prefer to feed on wildlife and so switch hosts more often when feeding on less desirable hosts. Using data from a previous study on the same samples, we found that trypanosome prevalence was not correlated with the type or number of hosts fed on. These results have important implications for understanding the risk of transmission between wildlife and livestock in regions bordering protected areas but the high host fidelity for wild hosts suggests that tsetse feeding preferences could reduce risks of disease transmission to livestock.

Host species affects the phenolic compounds content in Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. thalli

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-160
Author(s):  
E Latkowska ◽  
J. Bialczyk ◽  
M Węgrzyn ◽  
U. Erychleb
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Hypogymnia Physodes
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