Clinical and Pathologic Features of Lineage 2 West Nile Virus Infections in Birds of Prey in Hungary

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Károly Erdélyi ◽  
Krisztina Ursu ◽  
Emöke Ferenczi ◽  
Levente Szeredi ◽  
Ferenc Rátz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Birds Of Prey ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Pathologic Features ◽  
Lineage 2

scholarly journals Detection and molecular analysis of West Nile virus infections in birds of prey in the eastern part of Austria in 2008 and 2009

2011 ◽  
Vol 149 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 358-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eveline Wodak ◽  
Susanne Richter ◽  
Zoltán Bagó ◽  
Sandra Revilla-Fernández ◽  
Herbert Weissenböck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Molecular Analysis ◽  
Birds Of Prey ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
West Nile

scholarly journals Comparative Pathology of Neurovirulent Lineage 1 (NY99/385) and Lineage 2 (SPU93/01) West Nile Virus Infections in BALBc Mice

2014 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Williams ◽  
J. D. L. Mentoor ◽  
E. Van Wilpe ◽  
M. Venter
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Comparative Pathology ◽  
Lineage 2

scholarly journals The Role of Birds of Prey in West Nile Virus Epidemiology

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Vidaña ◽  
Núria Busquets ◽  
Sebastian Napp ◽  
Elisa Pérez-Ramírez ◽  
Miguel Ángel Jiménez-Clavero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Birds Of Prey ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Transmission Cycle ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Lineage 2

Reported human cases of West Nile virus (WNV) in Europe increased dramatically in 2018. Lineage 1 strains had been circulating in Euro-Mediterranean countries since the early 1990s. The subsequent introduction of WNV lineage 2 has been responsible for the remarkable upsurge of European WNV outbreaks since 2004, including the dramatic increase in human cases observed since 2018. The virus exists in a natural cycle between mosquitoes and wild birds, with humans and horses acting as dead-end hosts. As the key vertebrate hosts in the transmission cycle of WNV, avian species have been the focus of surveillance across many countries. Raptors appear particularly susceptible to WNV infection, resulting in higher prevalence, and in some cases exhibiting neurological signs that lead to the death of the animal. In addition, birds of prey are known to play an important role as WNV reservoir and potentially amplifying hosts of infection. Importantly, raptor higher susceptibility/prevalence may indicate infection through predation of infected prey. Consequently, they are considered important target species when designing cost-effective surveillance for monitoring both seasonal WNV circulation in endemic countries and its emergence into new areas, where migrating raptors may play a critical role in virus introduction. This review summarizes the different aspects of the current knowledge of WNV infection in birds of prey and evaluates their role in the evolution of the epizootic that is spreading throughout Europe.

scholarly journals First Autochthonous West Nile Lineage 2 and Usutu Virus Infections in Humans, July to October 2018, Czech Republic

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 651
Author(s):  
Hana Zelená ◽  
Jana Kleinerová ◽  
Silvie Šikutová ◽  
Petra Straková ◽  
Hana Kocourková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Fatal Case ◽  
First Record ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Usutu Virus ◽  
Lineage 2

We present epidemiological, clinical and laboratory findings of five Czech patients diagnosed with autochthonous mosquito-borne disease—four patients with confirmed West Nile virus (WNV) and one patient with Usutu virus (USUV) infections, from July to October 2018, including one fatal case due to WNV. This is the first documented human outbreak caused by WNV lineage 2 in the Czech Republic and the first record of a neuroinvasive human disease caused by USUV, which illustrates the simultaneous circulation of WNV and USUV in the country.

scholarly journals Pathology of fatal lineage 1 and 2 West Nile virus infections in horses in South Africa

2014 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
June H. Williams ◽  
Stephanie Van Niekerk ◽  
Stacey Human ◽  
Erna Van Wilpe ◽  
Marietjie Venter
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
South African ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Ventral Horn ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Lineage 2 ◽  
The One

Since 2007, West Nile virus (WNV) has been reported in South African horses, causing severe neurological signs. All cases were of lineage 2, except for one case that clustered with lineage 1 viruses. In the present study, gross and microscopic lesions of six South African lineage 2-infected horses and the one lineage 1 case are described. Diagnoses were confirmed by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of central nervous system (CNS) tissue and one by RT-PCR of a brain virus isolate. The CNS of all cases was negative by RT-PCR or immunohistochemistry (IHC) for African horse sickness (AHS), equine encephalosis virus, equine herpes viruses 1 and 4, other zoonotic flaviviruses, alphaviruses, and shunivirus, and either by immunofluorescence or IHC for rabies. Gross visceral lesions were nonspecific but often mimicked those of AHS. The CNS histopathology of WNV lineage 2 cases resembled the nonsuppurative polioencephalomyelitis reported in the Northern Hemisphere lineage 1 and recent Hungarian lineage 2 cases. Occasional meningitis, focal spinal ventral horn poliomalacia, dorsal and lateral horn poliomyelitis, leucomyelitis, asymmetrical ventral motor spinal neuritis and frequent olfactory region involvement were also seen. Lineage 2 cases displayed marked variations in CNS lesion severity, type and distribution, and suggested various viral entry routes into the CNS, based on findings in experimental mice and hamsters. Lineage 1 lesions were comparable to the milder lineage 2 cases. West Nile virus IHC on CNS sections with marked lesions from all cases elicited only two antigen-positive cells in the olfactory cortex of one case. The presence in the CNS of T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophage-monocytes was confirmed by cluster of differentiation (CD) 3, CD20, multiple myeloma oncogene 1 (MUM1) and macrophage (MAC) 387 IHC.

scholarly journals Autochthonous West Nile virus infection outbreak in humans, Leipzig, Germany, August to September 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (46) ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinna Pietsch ◽  
Dominik Michalski ◽  
Johannes Münch ◽  
Sirak Petros ◽  
Sandra Bergs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Close Relationships ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
West Nile Fever ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
Summer Heat ◽  
Lineage 2 ◽  
Seasonal Circulation

Following a distinct summer heat wave, nine autochthonous cases of West Nile fever and West Nile neuroinvasive disease, including one fatality, were observed in Leipzig, Germany, in August and September 2020. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated close relationships in viruses from humans, animals and mosquitos in eastern Germany, obtained during the preceding 2 years. The described large cluster of autochthonous West Nile virus infections in Germany indicates endemic seasonal circulation of lineage 2 viruses in the area.

scholarly journals First autochthonous human West Nile virus infections in the Netherlands, July to August 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (46) ◽  
Author(s):  
Danique RM Vlaskamp ◽  
Steven FT Thijsen ◽  
Johan Reimerink ◽  
Pieter Hilkens ◽  
Willem H Bouvy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Molecular Analysis ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
First Case ◽  
Human West Nile Virus ◽  
Lineage 2

In October 2020, the first case of autochthonous West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease was diagnosed in the Netherlands with a presumed infection in the last week of August. Investigations revealed five more cases of local West Nile virus (WNV) infection. The cases resided in a region where WNV was detected in a bird and mosquitoes in August 2020. Molecular analysis was successful for two cases and identified the presence of WNV lineage 2.

scholarly journals West Nile virus infections in France, July to November 2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
L Ramalli ◽  
G Grard ◽  
C Beck ◽  
P Gallian ◽  
G L’Ambert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Blood Donation ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
West Nile ◽  
West Nile Virus Transmission ◽  
Lineage 2 ◽  
First Time ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

Abstract In July 2018, one autochthonous case of West Nile virus (WNV) infection was identified in Nice, Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur (Paca). We investigated to determine the potential place of infection and the extent of viral circulation in the area, in order to guide control and preventive measures. In affected areas, we raised awareness of health professionals on WNV infections, substance of human origin safety relied on nucleic acid testing for WNV and on deferral of blood donors indicating minimum one night of stay in the areas for 28 days. Equine, wild bird and entomologic surveillance activities were reinforced. The human arboviruses national reference laboratory (NRL) retrospectively tested samples from hospitalized individuals from June 1st with meningitis and encephalitis around Nice. We tested negative suspected autochthonous cases of chikungunya and dengue infections notified since July in Paca and presenting WNV compatible symptoms. Measures were adapted along identification of additional cases. We identified 27 autochthonous cases, with onset of symptoms between July 7th and November 12th: 24 in Paca, 2 in Corsica and 1 in Occitanie. Seven cases presented neuroinvasives symptoms, 18 flu-like symptoms and 2 were asymptomatic. One blood donation and 2 organs tested positive for WNV. The animal NRL identified 13 equine cases (1 in Paca, 5 in Corsica and 7 in Occitanie) and 4 infected raptors with nervous symptoms (3 in Paca and 1 in Corsica). Genomic characterization of the virus identified a strain belonging to the lineage 2 among 2 raptors. No virus was found in mosquitoes captured in affected areas. Since 2000, six episodes of WNV transmission were reported in France but none with this extent. For the first time, the lineage 2, circulating in Italy and other European countries, was isolated in France which might be changing epidemiological situation. Therefore, surveillance activities should be revised in order to promptly secure blood products. Key messages We describe the most important episode of West Nile Virus transmission identified in humans in France. In 2018, West Nile virus lineage 2 was isolated for the first time in France which might change the epidemiological situation in the country.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of West Nile Virus Infections in Humans, Italy, 2012–2020: A Summary of Available Evidences

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Matteo Riccò ◽  
Simona Peruzzi ◽  
Federica Balzarini
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Annual Incidence ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Po River ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Sex Risk

In Italy, human cases of West Nile virus (WNV) infection have been recorded since 2008, and seasonal outbreaks have occurred almost annually. In this study, we summarize available evidences on the epidemiology of WNV and West Nile neuro-invasive disease (WNND) in humans reported between 2012 and 2020. In total, 1145 WNV infection cases were diagnosed; of them 487 (42.5%) had WNND. A significant circulation of the pathogen was suggested by studies on blood donors, with annual incidence rates ranging from 1.353 (95% confidence intervals (95% CI) 0.279–3.953) to 19.069 cases per 100,000 specimens (95% CI 13.494–26.174). The annual incidence rates of WNND increased during the study period from 0.047 cases per 100,000 (95% CI 0.031–0.068) in 2012, to 0.074 cases per 100,000 (95% CI 0.054–0.099) in 2020, peaking to 0.377 cases per 100,000 (95% CI 0.330–0.429) in 2018. There were 60 deaths. Cases of WNND were clustered in Northern Italy, particularly in the Po River Valley, during the months of August (56.7%) and September (27.5%). Higher risk for WNND was reported in subjects of male sex (risk ratio (RR) 1.545, 95% CI 1.392–1.673 compared to females), and in older age groups (RR 24.46, 95% CI 15.61–38.32 for 65–74 y.o.; RR 43.7, 95% CI 28.33–67.41 for subjects older than 75 years), while main effectors were identified in average air temperatures (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.3219, 95% CI 1.0053–1.7383), population density (IRR 1.0004, 95% CI 1.0001–1.0008), and occurrence of cases in the nearby provinces (IRR 1.0442, 95% CI 1.0340–1.0545). In summary, an enhanced surveillance is vital for the early detection of human cases and the prompt implementation of response measures.

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