scholarly journals Traumatic Axonal Injury in the Spinal Cord Evoked by Traumatic Brain Injury

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Endre Czeiter ◽  
Jozsef Pal ◽  
Erzsebet Kovesdi ◽  
Peter Bukovics ◽  
Janos Luckl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Axonal Injury ◽  
Traumatic Axonal Injury

scholarly journals Microglia: A Potential Drug Target for Traumatic Axonal Injury

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Xin Huang ◽  
Wendong You ◽  
Yuanrun Zhu ◽  
Kangli Xu ◽  
Xiaofeng Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Drug Target ◽  
Microglial Activation ◽  
Axonal Injury ◽  
Traumatic Axonal Injury ◽  
Potential Drug Target ◽  
Potential Drug ◽  
Microglial Phenotype ◽  
M2 Phenotype

Traumatic axonal injury (TAI) is a major cause of death and disability among patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI); however, no effective therapies have been developed to treat this disorder. Neuroinflammation accompanying microglial activation after TBI is likely to be an important factor in TAI. In this review, we summarize the current research in this field, and recent studies suggest that microglial activation plays an important role in TAI development. We discuss several drugs and therapies that may aid TAI recovery by modulating the microglial phenotype following TBI. Based on the findings of recent studies, we conclude that the promotion of active microglia to the M2 phenotype is a potential drug target for the treatment of TAI.

scholarly journals Diagnostic Approach to Traumatic Axonal Injury of the Spinothalamic Tract in Individual Patients with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Diagnostics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jang ◽  
Lee
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Axonal Injury ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Central Pain ◽  
Traumatic Axonal Injury ◽  
Spinothalamic Tract ◽  
Statistical Comparison ◽  
Control Subjects

Objectives: We investigated an approach for the diagnosis of traumatic axonal injury (TAI) of the spinothalamic tract (STT) that was based on diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) results and a statistical comparison of individual patients who showed central pain following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) with the control group. Methods: Five right-handed female patients in their forties and with central pain following mTBI and 12 age-, sex-, and handedness-matched healthy control subjects were recruited. After DTT reconstruction of the STT, we analyzed the STT in terms of three DTT parameters (fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), and fiber number (FN)) and its configuration (narrowing and tearing). To assess narrowing, we determined the area of the STT on an axial slice of the subcortical white matter. Results: the FN values were significantly lower in at least one hemisphere of each patient when compared to those of the control subjects (p < 0.05). Significant decrements from the STT area in the control group were observed in at least one hemisphere of each patient (p < 0.05). Regarding configurational analysis, the STT showed narrowing and/or partial tearing in at least one hemisphere of each of the five patients. Conclusions: Herein, we demonstrate a DTT-based approach for the diagnosis of TAI of the STT. The approach involves a statistical comparison between DTT parameters of individual patients who show central pain following mTBI and those of an age-, gender-, and handedness-matched control group. We think that the method described in this study can be useful in the diagnosis of TAI of the STT in individual mTBI patients.

scholarly journals Diagnosis of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome I Following Traumatic Axonal Injury of the Corticospinal Tract in a Patient with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Diagnostics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung Ho Jang ◽  
You Sung Seo
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome ◽  
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Corticospinal Tract ◽  
Axonal Injury ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Traumatic Axonal Injury ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
The Right

A 54-year-old male suffered from direct head trauma resulting from a fall while working. At approximately two months after the accident, he began to feel pain (burning sensation) and swelling of the dorsum of the right hand and wrist. He showed the following clinical features among the clinical signs and symptoms of revised diagnostic criteria for complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS): spontaneous pain, mechanical hyperalgesia, vasodilation, skin temperature asymmetries, skin color changes, swelling, motor weakness. No specific lesion was observed on brain MRI taken at ten weeks after onset. Plain X-ray, electromyography, and nerve conduction studies for the right upper extremity detected no abnormality. A three-phase bone scan showed hot uptake in the right wrist in the delayed image. On two-month diffusion tensor tractography, partial tearing of the corticospinal tract (CST) was observed at the subcortical white matter in both hemispheres (much more severe in the left CST). In addition, the fiber number of the right CST was significantly decreased than that of seven normal control subjects. CRPS I of the right hand in this patient appeared to be related to traumatic axonal injury of the left CST following mild traumatic brain injury.

scholarly journals Association of cause of injury and traumatic axonal injury: a clinical MRI study of moderate and severe traumatic brain injury

2020 ◽  
Vol 133 (5) ◽  
pp. 1559-1567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Kristian Moe ◽  
Janne Limandvik Myhr ◽  
Kent Gøran Moen ◽  
Asta Kristine Håberg ◽  
Toril Skandsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Severe Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Axonal Injury ◽  
Traumatic Axonal Injury ◽  
Alpine Skiing ◽  
Severe Tbi ◽  
Mri Study ◽  
Mass Lesions ◽  
Clinical Mri

OBJECTIVEThe authors investigated the association between the cause of injury and the occurrence and grade of traumatic axonal injury (TAI) on clinical MRI in patients with moderate or severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).METHODSData for a total of 396 consecutive patients, aged 7–70 years, with moderate or severe TBI admitted to a level 1 trauma center were prospectively registered. Data were included for analysis from the 219 patients who had MRI performed within 35 days (median 8, IQR 4–17 days) and for whom cause of injury was known. Cause of injury was registered as road traffic accident (RTA) or fall (both with respective subcategories), alpine skiing or snowboarding accident, or violence. The MRI protocol consisted of T2*-weighted gradient echo, FLAIR, and diffusion-weighted imaging scans. TAI lesions were evaluated in a blinded manner and categorized into 3 grades, hemispheric/cerebellar white matter (grade 1), corpus callosum (grade 2), and brainstem (grade 3). The absence of TAI was analyzed as grade 0. Contusions and mass lesions on CT were also registered.RESULTSCause of injury did not differ between included and nonincluded patients. TAI was found in 83% of patients in the included group after RTAs and 62% after falls (p < 0.001). Observed TAI grades differed between the subcategories of both RTAs (p = 0.004) and falls (p = 0.006). Pedestrians in RTAs, car drivers/passengers in RTAs, and alpine skiers had the highest prevalence of TAI (89%–100%) and the highest TAI grades (70%–82% TAI grades 2–3). TAI was found in 76% of patients after falls from > own height (45% TAI grade 2–3), 63% after falls down the stairs (26% TAI grade 2–3), and 31% after falls from ≤ own height (12% TAI grade 2–3). Moreover, 53% of patients with TAI after RTAs and 68% with TAI after falls had cortical contusions or mass lesions on CT.CONCLUSIONSThis prospective study of moderate and severe TBI is to the authors’ knowledge the first clinical MRI study to demonstrate both the high prevalence and grade of TAI after most of the different types of RTAs, alpine skiing accidents, and falls from a height. Importantly, TAI was also common following more low-energy trauma such as falls down the stairs or from own height. Physicians managing TBI patients in the acute phase should be aware of the possibility of TAI no matter the cause of injury and also when the CT scan shows cortical contusions or mass lesions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document