scholarly journals Intracellular Trafficking and Endosomal Release of Oligonucleotides: What We Know and What We Don’t

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 166-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.L. Juliano
Keyword(s):  
Intracellular Trafficking ◽  
Endosomal Release

Intracellular trafficking and cytoplasmic streaming under abiotic stress conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
JESHIMA KHAN YASIN ◽  
ANIL KUMAR SINGH
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Fusion Protein ◽  
Intracellular Trafficking ◽  
Cytoplasmic Streaming ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Vesicle Formation ◽  
External Stimuli

Cytoplasmic streaming is one among the vital activities of the living cells. In plants cytolplasmic streaming could clearly be seen in hypocotyls of growing seedlings. To observe cytoplsmic streaming and its correlated intracellular trafficking an investigation was conducted in legumes in comparison with GFP-AtRab75 and 35S::GFP:δTIP tonoplast fusion protein expressing arabidopsis lines. These seedlings were observed under confocal microscopy with different buffer incubation treatments and under different stress conditions. GFP expressing 35S::GFP:δTIP tonoplast lines were looking similar to the control lines and differ under stress conditions. Movement of cytoplasmic invaginations within the tonoplast and cytoplasmic sub vesicle or bulb budding during cytoplasmic streaming was observed in hypocotyls of At-GFP tonoplast plants. We found the cytoplasmic bulbs/ vesicles or sub vesicle formation from the plasma membrane. The streaming speed also depends on the incubation medium in which the specimen was incubated, indicating that the external stimuli as well as internal stimuli can alter the speed of streaming

scholarly journals Small GTPases of the Rab and Arf Families: Key Regulators of Intracellular Trafficking in Neurodegeneration

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4425
Author(s):  
Alazne Arrazola Arrazola Sastre ◽  
Miriam Luque Luque Montoro ◽  
Hadriano M. Lacerda ◽  
Francisco Llavero ◽  
José L. Zugaza
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Trafficking ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Synaptic Vesicles ◽  
Intracellular Trafficking ◽  
Small Gtpases ◽  
Constant Flow ◽  
Parkinson’S Diseases ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Arf Gtpases

Small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) of the Rab and Arf families are key regulators of vesicle formation and membrane trafficking. Membrane transport plays an important role in the central nervous system. In this regard, neurons require a constant flow of membranes for the correct distribution of receptors, for the precise composition of proteins and organelles in dendrites and axons, for the continuous exocytosis/endocytosis of synaptic vesicles and for the elimination of dysfunctional proteins. Thus, it is not surprising that Rab and Arf GTPases have been associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Both pathologies share characteristics such as the presence of protein aggregates and/or the fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus, hallmarks that have been related to both Rab and Arf GTPases functions. Despite their relationship with neurodegenerative disorders, very few studies have focused on the role of these GTPases in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration. In this review, we summarize their importance in the onset and progression of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, as well as their emergence as potential therapeutical targets for neurodegeneration.

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