Animal Models of Secondary Lymphedema: New Approaches in the Search for Therapeutic Options

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Hadrian ◽  
Daniel Palmes
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Therapeutic Options ◽  
Secondary Lymphedema ◽  
New Approaches

scholarly journals New approaches to the representation and analysis of phenotype knowledge in human diseases and their animal models

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 258-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. N. Schofield ◽  
J. P. Sundberg ◽  
R. Hoehndorf ◽  
G. V. Gkoutos
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
New Approaches

Animal Research for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Its Limited Translation for Clinical Benefit, and the Way Forward

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeeshan Ali ◽  
P. Charukeshi Chandrasekera ◽  
John J. Pippin
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Animal Research ◽  
Therapeutic Options ◽  
Research Findings

Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have reached pandemic proportions worldwide, and considerable research efforts have been dedicated to investigating disease pathology and therapeutic options. The two hallmark features of T2DM, insulin resistance and pancreatic dysfunction, have been studied extensively by using various animal models. Despite the knowledge acquired from such models, particularly mechanistic discoveries that sometimes mimic human T2DM mechanisms or pathways, many details of human T2DM pathogenesis remain unknown, therapeutic options remain limited, and a cure has eluded research. Emerging human data have raised concern regarding inter-species differences at many levels (e.g. in gene regulation, pancreatic cytoarchitecture, glucose transport, and insulin secretion regulation), and the subsequent impact of these differences on the clinical translation of animal research findings. Therefore, it is important to recognise and address the translational gap between basic animal-based research and the clinical advances needed to prevent and treat T2DM. The purpose of this report is to identify some limitations of T2DM animal research, and to propose how greater human relevance and applicability of hypothesis-driven basic T2DM research could be achieved through the use of human-based data acquisition at various biological levels. This report addresses how in vitro, in vivo and in silico technologies could be used to investigate particular aspects of human glucose regulation. We do not propose that T2DM animal research has been without value in the identification of mechanisms, pathways, or potential targets for therapies, nor do we claim that human-based methods can provide all the answers. We recognise that the ultimate goal of T2DM animal research is to identify ways to advance the prevention, recognition and treatment of T2DM in humans, but postulate that this is where the use of animal models falls short, despite decades of effort. The best way to achieve this goal is by prioritising human-centred research.

scholarly journals Animal Models of Atrial Fibrillation

2020 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominik Schüttler ◽  
Aneesh Bapat ◽  
Stefan Kääb ◽  
Kichang Lee ◽  
Philipp Tomsits ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Human Heart ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Unmet Needs ◽  
Business Community ◽  
Therapeutic Options ◽  
Mouse Heart ◽  
Vast Array ◽  
Limited Efficacy

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia encountered in humans and is a significant source of morbidity and mortality. Despite its prevalence, our mechanistic understanding is incomplete, the therapeutic options have limited efficacy, and are often fraught with risks. A better biological understanding of AF is needed to spearhead novel therapeutic avenues. Although “natural” AF is nearly nonexistent in most species, animal models have contributed significantly to our understanding of AF and some therapeutic options. However, the impediments of animal models are also apparent and stem largely from the differences in basic physiology as well as the complexities underlying human AF; these preclude the creation of a “perfect” animal model and have obviated the translation of animal findings. Herein, we review the vast array of AF models available, spanning the mouse heart (weighing 1/1000th of a human heart) to the horse heart (10× heavier than the human heart). We attempt to highlight the features of each model that bring value to our understanding of AF but also the shortcomings and pitfalls. Finally, we borrowed the concept of a SWOT analysis from the business community (which stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) and applied this introspective type of analysis to animal models for AF. We identify unmet needs and stress that is in the context of rapidly advancing technologies, these present opportunities for the future use of animal models.

scholarly journals Epilepsy Benchmarks Area III: Improved Treatment Options for Controlling Seizures and Epilepsy-Related Conditions Without Side Effects

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 23S-30S ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen F. Traynelis ◽  
Dennis Dlugos ◽  
David Henshall ◽  
Heather C. Mefford ◽  
Michael A. Rogawski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
High Rate ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
Human Epilepsy ◽  
Induced Pluripotent ◽  
New Treatments

The goals of Epilepsy Benchmark Area III involve identifying areas that are ripe for progress in terms of controlling seizures and patient symptoms in light of the most recent advances in both basic and clinical research. These goals were developed with an emphasis on potential new therapeutic strategies that will reduce seizure burden and improve quality of life for patients with epilepsy. In particular, we continue to support the proposition that a better understanding of how seizures are initiated, propagated, and terminated in different forms of epilepsy is central to enabling new approaches to treatment, including pharmacological as well as surgical and device-oriented approaches. The stubbornly high rate of treatment-resistant epilepsy—one-third of patients—emphasizes the urgent need for new therapeutic strategies, including pharmacological, procedural, device linked, and genetic. The development of new approaches can be advanced by better animal models of seizure initiation that represent salient features of human epilepsy, as well as humanized models such as induced pluripotent stem cells and organoids. The rapid advances in genetic understanding of a subset of epilepsies provide a path to new and direct patient-relevant cellular and animal models, which could catalyze conceptualization of new treatments that may be broadly applicable across multiple forms of epilepsies beyond those arising from variation in a single gene. Remarkable advances in machine learning algorithms and miniaturization of devices and increases in computational power together provide an enhanced opportunity to detect and mitigate seizures in real time via devices that interrupt electrical activity directly or administer effective pharmaceuticals. Each of these potential areas for advance will be discussed in turn.

scholarly journals New Approaches to Treat Sepsis: Animal Models «Do Not Work» (Review)

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 46-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Marc Cavaillon
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Methods ◽  
New Approaches

Like many other pathological infectious processes, sepsis is mainly studied in vivo using mice models. Over the past 30 years, such studies have led to significant achievements in understanding of the sepsis pathophysiology. However, unfortunately, none of them led to any «discoveries» in the treatment of patients. In this review, we question the relevance of the experimental models applied, list some aspects rarely taken into account and discuss ways to resolve the deadlock.The text is a translation of the article: Cavail-lon J. M. New methods of treating sepsis: failure of animal models, Bull. Assoc. Anc. El. Inst. Pastor, 2017, 59,230, 58—60. Translation from French by «Akademperevod», Moscow, Russia.

scholarly journals Papillomavirus Prophylactic Vaccines: Established Successes, New Approaches

2009 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 1214-1220 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Saveria Campo ◽  
Richard B. S. Roden
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Capsid Protein ◽  
Human Papillomaviruses ◽  
Cold Chain ◽  
Minor Capsid Protein ◽  
Virus Like Particles ◽  
Good Level ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
Prophylactic Vaccines ◽  
Cancer Of The Cervix

ABSTRACT Vaccines against the human papillomaviruses (HPVs) most frequently associated with cancer of the cervix are now available. These prophylactic vaccines, based on virus-like particles (VLPs), are extremely effective, providing protection from infection in almost 100% of cases. However, the vaccines present some limitations: they are effective primarily against the HPV type present in the vaccine, are expensive to produce, and need a cold chain. Vaccines based on the minor capsid protein L2 have been very successful in animal models and have been shown to provide a good level of protection against different papillomavirus types. The potential of L2-based vaccines to protect against many types of HPVs is discussed.

scholarly journals The Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis–The Koch Phenomenon Reinstated

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 813
Author(s):  
Robert L. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Hypersensitivity Reaction ◽  
Alveolar Macrophages ◽  
Adult Type ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
Early Lesion ◽  
Mycobacterial Antigens ◽  
Active Disease

Research on the pathogenesis of tuberculosis (TB) has been hamstrung for half a century by the paradigm that granulomas are the hallmark of active disease. Human TB, in fact, produces two types of granulomas, neither of which is involved in the development of adult type or post-primary TB. This disease begins as the early lesion; a prolonged subclinical stockpiling of secreted mycobacterial antigens in foamy alveolar macrophages and nearby highly sensitized T cells in preparation for a massive necrotizing hypersensitivity reaction, the Koch Phenomenon, that produces caseous pneumonia that is either coughed out to form cavities or retained to become the focus of post-primary granulomas and fibrocaseous disease. Post-primary TB progresses if the antigens are continuously released and regresses when they are depleted. This revised paradigm is supported by nearly 200 years of research and suggests new approaches and animal models to investigate long standing mysteries of human TB and vaccines that inhibit the early lesion to finally end its transmission.

scholarly journals RPGR-associated retinopathy: clinical features, molecular genetics, animal models and therapeutic options

2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (8) ◽  
pp. 1022-1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
James J L Tee ◽  
Alexander J Smith ◽  
Alison J Hardcastle ◽  
Michel Michaelides
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Molecular Genetics ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Therapeutic Options
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